Longitudinal media

Go Binary and Ternary Alloyed Thin Films. Most of the thin-film media for longitudinal and perpendicular recording consist of Co—X—Y binary or ternary alloys. In most cases Co—Cr is used for perpendicular recording while for the high density longitudinal media Co—Cr—X is used X = Pt, Ta, Ni). For the latter it is essential to deposit this alloy on a Cr underlayer in order to obtain the necessary in-plane orientation. A second element combined with Co has important consequences for the Curie temperature (T ) of the alloy, at which the spontaneous magnetisation disappears. The for... 

Since substrate costs generally make up about 50 % of production costs substrate conversion is a key parameter for the economy of bioreactions. The lower the intensity of longitudinal medium dispersion, the higher the substrate conversion in continuous bioreactors under corresponding operational conditions. However, at a low dispersion intensity, cell washout occurs. To avoid washout and to achieve high substrate conversion,tower reactors with optimum longitudinal dispersion or tower loop reactors with an optimum recycling rate can be used (1). ... 

Lui, D.T., Longitudinal Wave Propagation in an Elastic-Plastic Medium, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company Technical Report LAC-MSC-2-60-64-39, Sunnyvale, CA, September 1964. 

The first area covers low volumetric flow rates, and entrance pressures below Pcr. This sector of two-phase flow in the molding machine is characterized by a complex non-linear dependence of reduced pressure on reduced volumetric flow rate. The structure of foam plastics obtained in this way was called shell structure by the authors in [20, 21] — the extrudate contains huge shell bubbles which are comparable to its section. As CBA concentration increases, or medium volumetric flow rate is increased at low CBA concentration, small bubbles materialize in the melt around the shell bubbles, and the structure becomes shell-bubble . Increase of the volumetric flow rate and the concentration of flowing agent neutralizes the difference in bubble size their lateral dimensions become smaller than their longitudinal ones. 

In NMR theory the analogue of the relation (1.57) connects the times of longitudinal (Ti) and transverse (T2) relaxation [39]. In the case of weak non-adiabatic interaction with a medium it turns out that T = Ti/2. This also happens in a harmonic oscillator [40, 41] and in any two-level system. However, if the system is perturbed by strong collisions then Ti = T2 as for y=0 [42], Thus in non-adiabatic theory these times differ by not more than a factor 2 regardless of the type of system, or the type of perturbation, which may be either impact or a continuous process. 

Carbon-13 Heteronuclear Longitudinal Spin Relaxation for Geometrical (and Stereochemical) Determinations in Small or Medium Size Molecules... 

Mozumder (1969b) pointed out that in the presence of freshly created charges due to ionization, the dielectric relaxes faster—with the longitudinal relaxation time tl, rather than with the usual Debye relaxation time T applicable for weak external fields. The evolution of the medium dielectric constant is then given by... 

Here

l and Dy are the coefficients of hydro-dynamic dispersion (cm2 s-1) in the longitudinal (along the flow) and transverse (across the flow) directions. Parallel equations are written for components w, k, and m, in terms of Cw, Q, and Cm, as defined in the previous section. By these equations, we see that dispersion transports a component from areas of high to low concentration, working to smooth out the component s distribution. 

Propagation in a medium of a coherent optical wave packet whose longitudinal and transverse sizes are both of a few wavelength and whose field amplitude can induce relativistic motion of electrons is a novel challenging topic to be investigated in the general field of the so-called relativistic optics [11]. Theory and simulation have been applied to this problem for a few decades. A number of experiments have been performed since ultrashort intense laser pulses became available in many laboratories. 

Ctjki is a fourth order tensor that linearly relates a and e. It is sometimes called the elastic rigidity tensor and contains 81 elements that completely describe the elastic characteristics of the medium. Because of the symmetry of a and e, only 36 elements of Cyu are independent in general cases. Moreover only 2 independent rigidity constants are present in Cyti for linear homogeneous isotropic purely elastic medium Lame coefficient A and /r have a stress dimension, A is related to longitudinal strain and n to shear strain. For the purpose of clarity, a condensed notation is often used... 

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