Lithographic template

Y.H. Kim, D.K. Yoon, H.S. Jeong, H.T. Jung, Self-assembled periodic hquid crystal defects array for soft lithographic template. Soft Matter 6, 1426-1431 (2010)... 

Douglas and coworkers were the first one that described a bottom-up approach based on S-layers as templates for the formation of perfectly ordered arrays of nanoparticles [128]. The S-layer lattice was used primarily to generate a nanometric lithographic mask for the subsequent deposition of metals. In this approach a thin Ta-W film was deposited... 

Traditional methods for fabricating nano-scaled arrays are usually based on lithographic techniques. Alternative new approaches rely on the use of self-organizing templates. Due to their intrinsic ability to adopt complex and flexible conformations, proteins have been used to control the size and shape, and also to form ordered two-dimensional arrays of nanopartides. The following examples focus on the use of helical protein templates, such as gelatin and collagen, and protein cages such as ferritin-based molecules. 

Abstract This article is a review of the chemical and physical nature of patternable block copolymers and their use as templates for functional nanostructures. The patternability of block copolymers, that is, the ability to make complex, arbitrarily shaped submicron structures in block copolymer films, results from both their ability to self-assemble into microdomains, the bottom-up approach, and the manipulation of these patterns by a variety of physical and chemical means including top-down lithographic techniques. Procedures for achieving long-range control of microdomain pattern orientation as well... 

A template surface is usually needed in order to obtain colloidal crystals with orientations other than (111). When a substrate with the appropriate arrays of relief structures is used, the pits can serve as physical templates to confine and control the nucleation and growth of colloidal crystals that will exhibit a pre-specified spatial orientation, van Blaaderen and Wiltzius first demonstrated the use of lithographically defined surfaces as templates to grow specifically oriented colloidal crystals. They accomplished this by utilizing a slow sedimentation process and were able to produce crystals with either (100) or (110) planes oriented parallel to the supporting substrates.148 This work was followed by Yodh and coworkers... 

---