Lithiation/delithiation voltage

Figure 53. Stabilization of graphite in PC by LiBOB. Voltage profiles of lithium/graphite half-cells containing 1.0 m lithium salts in neat PC as electrolytes. Only for LiBOB/ PC was the complete lithiation/delithiation cycle achieved. (Reproduced with permission from ref 324 (Figure 1). Copyright 2002 The Electrochemical Society.)...

Fig. 8 In situ XRD characterization of a p-Sn thin film during the first lithiation-delithiation cycle. Peak areas for selected diffiaction planes from each Sn-based phase are shown, together with voltage (against Li°/Li ) and degree of lithiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86]. Cop3uight 2012, The Electrochemical Society...

But not only intercalation materials were characterized by XANES mapping, a recent study by Wang et al. shows an in situ study of the conversion reaction in CuO [52]. They capture both the evolution of morphology as well as the phase distribution at selected voltages revealing a core shell lithiation-delithiation mechanism. 

Li2FeSi04 can offer a high operating voltage and capacity based on the Fe / Fe and Fe /Fe redox couples during the lithiation/delithiation processes. However, its slow Li+-ion diffusion rate (approximately cm /s) and low electronic conductivity lead to poor rate capability, which becomes a major obstacle to its commercial application. Carbon coating and decreasing particle size to nanoscale are two effective approaches to overcome these obstacles. 

Figure 1. Voltage vs. composition curves during the graphite electrode lithiation and delithiation at C/l00 rate.

Fig. 15 Voltage composition curve for a CoO/Li cell cycled between 0.01 and 3 V. The inset shows a TEM micrograph of the nanostructured composite electrode at the end of the lithiation process. Note the large voltage hysteresis ( 1 V) between lithiation and delithiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [157]...

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