Liquid Pool Formation

Schmidli, J., S. Baneijee, and G. Yadigaroglu. 1990. Effects of vapor/aerosol and pool formation on rupture of vessel containing superheated liquid. J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind. 3(1) 104-111. 

Note The factor of 2 in items a, b, and c above is to account for the aerosol formation and entrainment in the flashing release. Also, when determining the material in the cloud resulting from a two-phase or flashing release, consideration should be given to the contribution to the cloud from liquid pool evaporation. 

Scientists are interested in the physical characteristics ol flame, such a size and shape, and the role of soot formation in combustion. Investigations also study air flows and the transfer nf heat and mass in fuel vapors, liquid pools, paper and metal solids. 

The formation of a liquid pool which spreads and vaporizes as a function of time. 

If the material released to the atmosphere is not ignited, the spill can be accompanied by flash vaporization, liquid entrainment, and/or liquid accumulation (with pool formation and evaporation), and associated vapor dispersion. Absence of an immediate ignition source allows a vapor cloud to form as the vapors disperse downwind. A portion of this vapor cloud may be flammable, and if the gas has any toxic components, it can also pose a toxic hazard. The downwind extent of the flammable hazard depends on the size of the release, the upper and lower flammability limits of the material, and the air entrainment rate. 

Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Pool Dissolution in Subsurface Formations... 

Chrysikopoulos CV,Lee KY (1998) Contaminant transport resulting from multicomponent phase liquid pool dissolution in three-dimensional subsurface formations. J Contam Hydrol 31 1-21... 

Chrysikopoulos CV (1995) Three-dimensional analytical models of contaminant transport from nonaqueous phase liquid pool dissolution in saturated subsurface formations. Water Resour Res 31 1137-1145... 

Vapor formation rates in rapidly heated systems have been measured by Faneuff, McLean, and Scherrer (FI) and Cole (C4) for wires in a stationary liquid pool, and by Johnson et al. (Jl, J2, Tl) for a metal ribbon suspended in a channel flow. Void growth rates in a volume-heated boiling system were studied by Lipkis, Liu, and Zuber (L8). In practice the total vapor volume... 

Unfortunately, the available data were not sufficiently accurate for the application of mathematical models governing liquid pool evaporation and spreading. An evaporating liquid pool of ammonia does not produce a heavier-than-air gas cloud, as ammonia vapor at its boiling point is lighter than air at commonly occurring ambient temperatures (0 to 20°C). Therefore, a heavy gas cloud could only be formed if there was significant aerosol formation, which is unlikely in the reported conditions. 

Source models are used to quantitatively define the release scenario by estimating discharge rates (Section 2.1), total quantity released (or total release duration), extent of flash and evaporation from a liquid pool (Section 2.2), and aerosol formation (Section 2.2). Dispersion models convert the source term outputs to concentration fields downwind from the source (Section 2.3). The relationship between source and dispersion models, and the various model types, is shown schematically in Figure 2.1. As shown in Figure 2.1, source and dispersion models are highly coupled, with the results of the source model being used to select the appropriate dispersion model. 

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