Liquid dynamic compaction process

The method of liquid dynamic compaction (LDC) (Chin et al. 1986, Tanigawa et al. 1986) is based on the process of gas atomization (Anand et al. 1980). In gas atomization a stream of molten alloy is broken into a spray of fine particles by a jet of high-velocity gas and the rapidly solidified particles are collected. In LDC, a cooled substrate is placed beneath the atomization core at a distance such that most of the sprayed droplets are partially solidified. The rapidly solidified alloy builds up on the substrate at controllable rates, which can easily exceed 1 cm/min. Rapid solidification is made possible by the supercooling of the high-velocity atomized particles and the good thermal contact with a water-cooled copper substrate. 

Churaev et al. (1994) recently published actual results on the relationship between wetting film thickness h and disjoining pressure 11, from which the macroscopic contact angle of the liquid on the substrate can be calculated. Today a compact monolayer is known as a French pancake, a bilayer a Swedish pancake and thick films as an American pancake. To sum up, wetting films and their transitions are combined with dynamic processes which elucidate rather complex and yet unsolved issues. 

Compared to natively folded proteins, compact denatured states ( MGs ) experience a modest increase in the number of water molecules in the hydration layer, and a slightly smaller perturbation of hydration water dynamics. Soluble protein-water dynamical coupling has been elucidated by simultaneous examination of transitions in protein and water dynamics as a function of temperature. Hydrated proteins at room temperature exhibit liquid-like motion on the subnanosecond timescale and behave like glasses at low temperature. The dynamical (or glass) transition between the low-temperature glassy state and room-temperature liquid-like state plays an important role in energy flow processes in proteins (see Ref [86] and Chapters 7 and 11). 

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