Lignocellulose

Biodegradable polymers have recently attracted much public and industrial interest because of the increasing waste disposal problem. Besides solutions such as incineration, recycling or re-use, biodegradable polymers can be entirely converted by microbial activity in a biologically active environment to biomass and biological by-products. For 

The usual problems experienced with common recovery boilers are aggravated in processes involving alkaline black liquor derived from straw. It is known that different lignocellulosic wastes can behave very differently in the same gasifier under the same operating conditions 

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Fibers for commercial and domestic use are broadly classified as natural or synthetic. The natural fibers are vegetable, animal, or mineral ia origin. Vegetable fibers, as the name implies, are derived from plants. The principal chemical component ia plants is cellulose, and therefore they are also referred to as ceUulosic fibers. The fibers are usually bound by a natural phenoHc polymer, lignin, which also is frequentiy present ia the cell wall of the fiber thus vegetable fibers are also often referred to as lignocellulosic fibers, except for cotton which does not contain lignin. 

The macerals in lower rank coals, eg, lignite and subbiturninous coal, are more complex and have been given a special classification. The term huminite has been appUed to the macerals derived from the humification of lignocellulosic tissues. Huminite is the precursor to the vitrinite observed in... 

Lu and Pizzi [83] showed that lignocellulosic substrates have a distinct influence on the hardening behavior of PF-resins, whereby the activation energy of the hardening process is much lower than for the resin alone [84]. The reason is a catalytic activation of the PF-condensation by carbohydrates like crystalline and amorphous cellulose and hemicellulose. Covalent bonding between the PF-resin and the wood, especially lignin, does not play any role [84]. 

Holzfaser, /. wood fiber, ligneous fiber wood pulp = Holzfaserstoff. -papier, n. wood-pulp paper, -stoff, m. lignin cellulose lignocellulose. 

Attempts have been also made to use ceric ion initiation for grafting vinyl monomers onto lignocellulosic fibers. Lin et al. [27] grafted MMA and AN onto bambo. 

Lignocellulosic material + Acid —Hydrolysis > Sugar + Solid residues... 

In the production of antibiotics, sufficient growth of fungi in submerged cultures has created potential sources of biomass as SCP and as flavour additives to replace mushrooms the biomass contains 50-65% protein.1,5 Production of mushroom from lignocellulosic waste seems to be a suitable and economical process since the raw material is inexpensive and available in most countries. 

Thorn K A, KR Kennedy (2002) N NMR investigation of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose. Environ Sci Technol 36 3787-3796. 

Kolattukudy PE, Espelie KE (1989) Chemistry, biochemistry and function of suberin and associated waxes. In Rowe J (ed) Natural products of woody plants, chemicals extraneous to the lignocellulosic cell wall. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 304... 

Fig. 14.18 Halloysite/PAH alternate multilayer on lignocellulose microfibers from softwood at different magnifications (SEM images, AMRAY).

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