Lignin sources

Figure 22.1 Representative structure of lignin. (Source Kirk-Othmer s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4" ed., John Wiley Sons, 1991-1998. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.)...

Table I. Lignin source and soft segment type for polyurethanes discussed in this study...

Lignin Source Soft Segment Type Formulation Type Reference ... 

The Westvaco Polychemicals Group produces and markets a wide variety of lignochemicals derived from a sugar-free kraft lignin source. Both non-sulfonated and sulfonated derivatives are manufactured in Charleston, South Carolina, USA. 

The noncarbohydrate fraction can indeed be traced to lignin source. Gas-liquid chromatography of ether extracts of the washer liquors indicates the presence of guaiacol syringaldehyde, vanillin, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid. 

Lora, J. (2008) Industrial commercial lignins sources, properties and applications, in Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources (eds M.N. Belgacem and A. Gandini), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Ch 10. 

This fact was also reported in earlier studies [4, 5]. Dioxane lignins, as well as other lignin polymers except for lignosulfonates, are characterised by rather low intrinsic viscosities and exponential coefficients in the Mark-Kuhn-Houwink equations (note that b, is always smaller than b ). The lower limit of b is 0.1, whereas the upper limit is 0.3. As demonstrated by the data on translational diffusion, for most polymers, the values of the exponent lie in a rather narrow range = 0.38 0.05, that is, the characteristics of translational friction of the macromolecule are almost independent of the lignin source and the solvent used. 

Methoxyl and Nitrogen Content (% w/w) in Lignin from Various Sources Lignin Source OCH3 N... 

Industrial Commercial Lignins Sources, Properties and Applications... 

The most important natural polysaccharide and lignin sources... 

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