Lignin sulphate

Finally, the recent discovery of an accidentally prepared lignin sulphate [37] has opened potentially valuable avenues of medicinal applications. 

In addition to carbonates and/or phosphates, a variety of substances have also been used to act as sludge conditioners —e.g. starches, lignins, polyacrylates etc. Other substances, such as nitrites and sulphates are claimed to have some value in the suppression of caustic cracking (see Section 5.1). 

In a large number of oxide flotation plants, sodium silicate (Na2Si03) is used as a gangue depressant. In the past two decades, a new line of depressants has been developed and introduced into a number of operating plants. Some of these depressants include (a) a mixture of sodium phosphate and lignin sulphonate (i.e. depressant 3XD), (b) a mixture of a low-molecular-weight acrylic acid and sodium silicate (depressant 2D) and (c) hydrosol based on the reaction of sodium silicate with alumina sulphate (depressant SD). These depressants were extensively examined on copper oxide ores from the Nchanga mine in Zambia. 

Lignin-peroxidase, which oxidised veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde, was isolated from cultures of Phanerochaeie chrysosporium by the method of Tien and Kirk (1). It had a molecular weight of 44Kd on polyacrylamide gels, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Antibodies to lignin-peroxidase were raised in rabbits as described for laccase A. 

The possibility of modifying polypropylene by extrusion at 220° C in the presence of alkaline sulphate lignin and a plasticizer to increase the low temperature resistance was also studied (96). The modifying effect of the lignin appears to be due to its rupture into free radicals which may cause crosslinking of the polypropylene macromolecules. The polypropylene which was modified (Propolin) is used to make films which have increased low temperature and light resistance. 

Lignin gives characteristic colour reactions. With phlorogludnol and hydrochloric acid it turns red, with aniline sulphate, yellow. 

Gierer J, Lenz B (1965) Reaction of lignin during sulphate cooking. Sven Papperstidn 68 334-338... 

Manufacture. Sodium sulphate is used for making wood pulp when the lignin is removed by boiling. The pulp is then put through the paper. machine. 

K Nilsson, H Norrstrom, and A Teder. Absorption Bands in Electronic Spectra of Lignins. Part IV. Lignins from Sulphate Pulping of Birch. Svensk Papperstidn. 75 733-738, 1972. 

M Lukavoca, J Klanduch, and S Kovac. Oxidative degradation of sulphate lignin using hydrogen peroxide./foZ orac/jM g 31 13-18, 1977. 

Sulphuric acid esters of tri- 8-hydroxyethyl-/J-propane tri-carboxylic acid ammonium (ThromboHolzinger), polyethylene sulphate sodium, polyanethol (liquoid), polyvinyl alcohol (elvanol), yeast nucleic acid, lignin, saponin, tannin, oromucoid, proteins... 

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