Light-diffusing optical device

CO2 removal by a bioreactor with photosynthetic algae using solarcollecting and light-diffusing optical devices ... 

Several very small photo-diode arrays are commercially available. The first commercial units were built by Ocean Optics (Dunedin, FL), but they are now available from several sources. These devices are based on the light (postsample, either diffusely reflected or transmitted) impinging upon a very small fixed grating then onto a series of diodes with minimum spacers between them. While the number of diodes and resolution of the array is limited, the small size and high speed of this type of instrument may compensate for the lack of resolution in a variety of applications and may provide certain advantages in the appropriate setting. 

Critical properties of TCO coatings are electrical resistance and transparency [3], but for solar cell applications very often texture and large haze factors, i.e., ratio of diffuse to total transmission, have similar importance. Large haze factors have been shown to influence positively the efficiency of silicon solar cells, because the reflection at the TCO-silicon interface is reduced and the scattering increases the pathway of light inside the active material. The preparation and characteristics of several TCO materials have been reviewed by Chopra et al. [92] and Dawar and Joshi [93]. The optical and electrical properties of ITO and aluminum doped zinc oxide have been studied in detail by Granqvist and coworkers [94, 95], but these films were prepared by sputtering and not by CVD. Very recently they also published an overview of transparent conductive electrodes for electrochromic devices [7]. 

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