Ligand Stabilization of NPs

The introduction of ligands as NP stabilizers is of special interest, because it focuses on the precise molecular definition of the catalytic materials. In principle, this strategy potentially allows a good control of the molecular modulation in order to optimize the parameters that govern the efEciency in catalytic reactions, including enantioselective ones. 

Gladysz showed that a thermomorphic fluorous paUadacyde acts as a PdNP catalyst precursor for the Heck reaction at 80-140 C in DMF with very high turnover numbers [24a]. Molecular palladium complexes such as palladacycles and other palladium salts have also been used as PdNP precursors upon treatment with CO in DMF or toluene at room temperature, and these PdNPs catalyzed nudeophiUc substitution/carbonylation/amination affording iso-indolinones at room temperature [24bj. PdNPs capped with spedal ligands such as polyoxometal- 

to which the asyminetric Ugand is bound. Anyway, the selectivity obtained is remarkable. 

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