Levels of hydrated ions

Hydrated ions are formed by introducing gaseous ions into aqueous solutions, i.e. the hydration of gaseous ions. Since liquid water is a polar solvent of large permittivity, hydration reduces the energy level of ions. We consider the hydration of gaseous ions at the standard state as shown in Eqn. 3-27  

The ion energy level Oa. , ) consists of the unitaiy term (the unitary 

In electrochemistry, the concentration of ions is usually e q ressed either by the molality, m, (the number of moles of solute ions in solvent water of 1 kg mol/ 

The standard energy level, of hj ated Af ) ions may be divided into 

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The value of xh o is important for estimating theoretically the energy levels of hydrated ions and redox electrons in aqueous solutions. 

As mentioned in Chap. 1, the ion level represented by the real potential a consists of the chemical potential and the electrostatic surface energy Zi e x (a + 2i e x). Since the surface potential, x, of aqueous solutions is constant (x 0.13 V), the relative energy level of hydrated ions may be expressed in terms of the chemical potential... 

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