Lehninger

Figure 5.11 The four levels of protein structure. From Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D. and Cox, M.M. Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd Edn, Worth Publishers, NJ, 2000, and reproduced with permission.

Figure 36-18. Comparison of two types of nick-sealing reactions on DNA. The series of reactions at left is catalyzed by DNA topoisomerase I, that at right by DNA ligase P = phosphate, R = ribose, A = ademine. (Slightly modified and reproduced, with permission, from Lehninger AL Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Worth, 1975.)...

A. L. Lehninger, Biochemistry. The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function, Worth, New York, 1972. 

Lehninger AL (1976) Biochemistry chap 36. Worth Publishers, New York... 

Oxidation of higher fatty acids was first studied in 1904 by Knoop who fed animals with phenyl-substituted fatty acids and analyzed the products in the urine. He showed that the fatty acid oxidation results in the successive cleavage of two carbon moieties from the carboxyl end. Knoop coined the fatty acid oxidation mechanism as n-oxidation. As has been established by Kennedy and Lehninger in 1948-1949, oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the mitochondria only. Lynen and coworkers... 

A second historical model for protocells is provided by the microspheres (Fox, 1980 Nakashima, 1987 Lehninger, 1975). These are formed when hot saturated proteinoid solutions are allowed to cool (see Sect. 5.4.2). In recent years, the microspheres were also consigned to the limbo of unimportant scientific models. Perhaps there will come a time when coacervates or microspheres (in their original or in modified forms) find their way back into the scientific discussion. 

With these improved techniques P-hydroxybutyrate, which penetrates mitochondria easily and is oxidized to acetoacetate using NAD+ as H acceptor, gave a P/O ratio of 3, the value equivalent to that from the reoxidation of NADH found by Lehninger. Succinate, which bypassed the NAD+/NADH step, gave a ratio of 2. When cytochrome c-Fe2+ was... 

Between 1955 and 1960 various sub-mitochondrial preparations were developed to give vesicles comprising only sealed inner mitochondrial membranes. Cooper and Lehninger used digitonin extraction Lardy and Kielley Bronk prepared sub-mitochondrial particles by sonication. At this time, too, Racker and his colleagues isolated Fq/F1 particles from mitochondria and showed that a separated FI particle behaved as an ATPase. The F0 portion had no enzymic properties but conferred oligomycin sensitivity on the FI ATPase. The orientation of these sub-mitochondrial vesicles (inside-out or vice-versa) was shown by the position in electron micrographs of the dense (FI) particles which in normal intact mitochondria project into the matrix and so define the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. 

The importance of the availability of purified mitochondria for Lehninger s early studies of oxidative phosphorylation, and in the... 

Lehninger and Kennedy demonstrated oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. 

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