Lateral pinch area

FIGURE 49.31 Summary of the contact areas for all specimens, in lateral pinch with a 25 N load. All results from the right hand are transposed onto the schema of a carpometacarpal joint from the left thumb. (From Ateshian G.A., Ark J.W., Rosenwasser M.P., et al. 1995. /. Orthop. Res. 13 450.)... 

Remark 1 For (i) and (ii) we assumed a values of HRAT. For (iii) and (iv) we can have H RAT = TIAT since we decompose into subnetworks based on the location of the pinch point(s). We can also have in (iii) and (i v)EM AT = TIAT < HRAT for each subnetwork which may result in less units, less total area, and less investment cost. By relaxing EM AT — TIAT, that is, being strictly less than H RAT, more opportunities to make matches are introduced in the heat cascade. Note, however, that for the network derivation we may have EM AT < HRAT of EM AT = HRAT depending on which criterion of feasible heat exchange is considered. In principle, if EM AT < H RAT, EM AT can take any small value e close to zero. Also note that EM AT is not a true optimization variable but simply a requirement for feasible heat exchange that can even be relaxed (i.e., may be e from zero). If EM AT - TIAT = e > 0, then the only specification in the above problem statement is that of HRAT based upon which (i) and (ii) are obtained. We will discuss later on how such a specification can be overcome. 

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