Laser copper vapour

Laser ablation requires an appropriate combination of laser and ablated materials. Many lasers have been used for machining of microstructures, including CO2 lasers, solid-state lasers, copper vapour lasers and excimer lasers. Pulsed lasers are used because of their ability to deliver high peak power. For a continuous laser a shutter control can provide the necessary pulsation. The peak power, laser intensity and fluence are calculated by the following equations ... 

In choosing fhe examples of lasers discussed in Sections 9.2.1 to 9.2.10 many have been left ouf. These include fhe CO, H2O, HCN, colour cenfre, and chemical lasers, all operating in fhe infrared region, and fhe green copper vapour laser. The examples fhaf we have looked af in some defail serve to show how disparate and arbifrary fhe materials seem to be. For example, fhe facf fhaf Ne atoms lase in a helium-neon laser does nof mean fhaf Ar, Kr and Xe will lase also - fhey do nof. Nor is if fhe case fhaf because CO2 lases, fhe chemically similar CS2 will lase also. 

Bis(acetylacetonato)copper has been used as a source of copper in copper-vapour lasers,97 and it has been investigated as a substitute for silver iodide as an ice-nucleating agent for the initiation of rainfall.98... 

Batenin, V. M. Karpukhin, V. T. Malikov, M. M. Efficient sum-frequency and second harmonic generation in a two-pass copper vapour laser amplifier . Quantum... 

Combining electrokinetically and hydrodynamically driven systems can be challenging. Razunguzwa et al used laser micromachining with a copper vapour laser to form hydrodynamic restrictors that allowed coupling an... 

The lasers we have considered so far have a solid material as the active medium. Generally, flash-lamp pumping is employed and short pulses are obtained at a repetition rate of typically 10 Hz. High peak powers are obtained in the Q-switched mode (MW-GW). Gaseous media can also be used for the generation of short laser pulses. We shall here consider the nitrogen laser, the excimer laser and the copper vapour laser. The relevant parts of... 

In the copper vapour laser the discharge tube must be heated to high temperatures in order to produce a sufficient Cu vapour pressure. This laser emits at 510 and 578 nm corresponding to the (4p P3/2 4d and... 

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