Lanthanides luminescent applications

A number of non-podand (i.e., those without an apical atom or group) acyclic ligand systems have been developed for lanthanide luminescence applications. Many of these are designed as helicating ligands such that the lanthanide ion is well encapsulated despite the linearity of the ligand. 

Lanthanide luminescence applications have already reached industrial levels of consumption. Additionally, the strongly specific nature of the rare-earths eneigy emissions has also led to extensive work in several areas such as photostimulable phosphors, lasers (qv), dosimetry, and fluorescent immunoassay (qv) (33). 

Andres J, Chauvin AS (2012) Lanthanides luminescence applications. In Atwood DA (ed) The rare earth elements—fundamentals and applications. Wiley, Chichester, pp 135-152 Audi G, Bersillon O, Blachot J, Wapstra AH (2003) The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nucl Phys A 729 3-128... 

Lanthanides Luminescence Applications Lanthanides in Living Systems Lanthanide Oxide/Hydroxide Complexes Lanthanides Coordination Chemistry Sustainability of Rare Earth Resources The Electronic Structure of the Lanthanides Variable Valency. 

The chromophore is directly coordinated to the lanthanide ion (see Figure 10a). Chromophores are thus designed to ensure an efficient positioning of the triplet energy, which would allow the photosensitization of the lanthanide ion, and enclose adequate coordination sites to guarantee a stable complexation of the cation. For further details, Lanthanides Luminescence Applications and Luminescent Bioprobes. 

Some examples are emphasized in the next chapter Lanthanides Luminescence Applications). The luminescence spectra of various lanthanide ions will be given and several applications using luminescent lanthanide complexes will be presented. Luminescent Bioprobes, some practical data and a case of study will be presented. The properties of a series of lanthanide complexes (i.e., with ligands that share a common architectme) will be expUcated both from a physicochemical and from a photophysical point of view. It will be demonstrated that these complexes are highly stable and present interesting photophysical properties, so that their application as bioprobe can be imdertaken. 

Lanthanides in Living Systems Lanthanides Coordination Chemistry Lanthanides Luminescence Applications Lmninescence Lanthanides Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lanthanide Oxide/Hydroxide Complexes Carboxylate Lanthanide Complexes with Multidentate Ligands Rare Earth Metal Cluster Complexes Supramolecular Chemistry from Sensors and Imaging Agents to Functional Mononuclear and Polynuclear Self-Assembly Lanthanide Complexes. 

Lanthanides Luminescence Applications Luminescence Near-Infrared Materials Luminescent Bioprobes. 

Carboxylate Lanthanide Complexes with Multi-dentate Ligands Lanthanides Luminescence Applications Lanthanides in Living Systems Luminescence Luminescent Bioprobes Metal-Organic Frameworks Molecular Magnetic Materials Near-Infrared Materials. 

The concepts for understanding the luminescence of these 2 3 complexes have been fully explained m Luminescence and illustrated m Lanthanides Luminescence Applications. They are not discussed here again, but focus is on the information gained for this family of complexes, regarding the spectra of Figure 13 for [Lu2(L )3] complexes. 

The ligand HiLP sensitizes the luminescence of several lanthanide ions at room temperature emitting either in the visible or NIR ranges. For more details, see the emission spectra in Lanthanides Luminescence Applications. 

Multiphoton or two-photon laser scanning microscopy is an alternative to confocal and time-resolved microscopy for bioimaging applications. The principle has been discussed in Lanthanides Luminescence Applications and concerns a two-photon excitation from the simultaneous absorption of two photons in a single quantized event. A bioprobe that normally absorbs ultraviolet light (Xex = 350 nm) can also be excited by two photons of NIR light, at 700 nm (the wavelength is twice that required for one-photon excitation). These two photons must interact simultaneously, which means in a very small lapse time. The instrumentation requires pulse lasers to provide sufficient power, as the photon density must... 

Geology, Geochemistry, and Natural Abundances of the Rare Earth Elements Lanthanide Complexes with Mul-tidentate Ligands Lanthanides Luminescence Applications Lanthanide Shift Reagents. 

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