Lanczos propagation method, time-dependent

Usually, the propagator (7(r, to) is approximated by various schemes [55,60,137], and there are plenty of wonderful articles that have explained each in detail, such as the split operator method and higher order split operator methods [11, 36, 130], Chebyshev polynomial expansion [131], Faber polynomial expansion [51, 146], short iterative Lanczos propagation method [95], Crank-Nicholson second-order differencing [10,56,57], symplectic method [14,45], recently proposed real Chebyshev method [24,44,125], and Multi-configuration Time-Dependent Hartree (MCTDH) Method [ 12,73,81-83]. For details, one may refer to the corresponding references. 

To calculate numerically the quantum dynamics of the various cations in time-dependent domain, we shall use the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method (MCTDH) [79-82, 113, 114]. This method for propagating multidimensional wave packets is one of the most powerful techniques currently available. For an overview of the capabilities and applications of the MCTDH method we refer to a recent book [114]. Additional insight into the vibronic dynamics can be achieved by performing time-independent calculations. To this end Lanczos algorithm [115,116] is a very suitable algorithm for our purposes because of the structural sparsity of the Hamiltonian secular matrix and the matrix-vector multiplication routine is very efficient to implement [6]. 

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