Laminar flames origin

Inasmuch as the trends in turbulent burning velocity with fuel concentration and type and with initial temperature parallel those shown by laminar flames, it is clear that the differences between turbulent and laminar flames originate in the nature of... 

Laurent, E. Massot, M. 2001 Multi-fluid modelling of laminar polydisperse spray flames origin, assumptions and comparison of sectional and sampling methods. Combustion Theory and Modelling 5, 537-572. 

A variation of the Eg 1 model arises from the gas flame approximation originated by Michelson [14, Eq. (2,11)]. Michelson proposed an approximate formula for laminar flame thickness in a gas, which was refined by Linan and Williams for high- conditions (see Eqs. (2.11)-(2.15) of [14]) and can be written as... 

Chemical effects may originate from either the sample solution or the flame and represent the major type of interference in flame-AAS. The mechanisms behind chemical interferences can be split into two types. The first of these is where the atomization of the analyte is not complete through occlusion into refractory compounds. Stable compound formation of this type will cause a depression of the signal through physical entrapment of small amounts of analyte in clotlets of matrix oxide in the flame. In premixed laminar flames the volatilization of solid particles begins as soon as they enter the primary reaction zone. The time this process takes is dependent on the size of the particle and so the occurrence of such interferences will depend critically on the observation height in the flame. In the second type, the analyte atoms may react with other atoms or... 

The Holthuis burner we used is a modified commercial water-cooled McKenna burner, a conceptually simple device originally used for studying gaseous laminar or turbulent jet flames [43-45],... 

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