Lacustrine rocks

With the advent of stable isotope paleoaltimetry towards the turn of the millennium the stable isotope and tectonics communities have witnessed an increasing number of isotopic mineral proxies developed to address the long-term topographic histories of orogenic belts and continental plateaus. These proxies include calcite from paleosols (see for example Quade et al. 2007, this volume and references therein), fluvial and lacustrine rocks the phosphate and carbonate component of mammal teeth (Kohn and Dettman 2007, this volume and references therein), smectite and kaolinite from paleosols, weathered sediments and volcanic ashes (e.g., Chamberlain et al. 1999 Takeuchi and Larson 2005 Mulch et al. 2006a) as well as white mica from extensional shear zones and fluid inclusions in hydrothermal veins (e.g., Mulch et al. 

Chabazite was unknown from sedimentary deposits prior to its discovery by Hay (47) in tuffs and tuffaceous clays at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Since then, authigenic chabazite has been recognized in silicic tuffs from Arizona, California, Nevada, and Wyoming (Table II, Figure 3). Most of the occurrences are in lacustrine rocks of late Cenozoic age. There are no reported occurrences of chabazite in rocks older than Eocene in the United States. Monomineralic beds of chabazite are rare, but extensive and nearly pure beds have been reported from lacustrine... 

Mordenite was recognized only recently as a rock-forming constituent of sedimentary deposits in the United States. In 1964, mordenite was reported from tuffaceous rocks of California (118) and Nevada (83). Since then, occurrences of mordenite have been recorded from Cenozoic tuffs in many of the western states (Table II, Figure 3). Although mordenite occurs in lacustrine rocks, most occurrences are in rocks from other depositional environments. Clinoptilolite and opal are commonly associated with mordenite in the sedimentary deposits. 

Picard, M. D., 1971. Classification of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. J. Sed. Petrol. 41 179-195. Picard, M. D. L. R. High, 1972. Criteria for recognizing lacustrine rocks. In Rigby, J. K. W. K. Hamblin (eds.) Recognition of Ancient Sedimentary Environments. SEPM Special Publication No. 16, Tulsa 108-145. 

Sandstone The tertiary, Jurassic and Triassic sandstones of the western Cordillera of the United States account for most of the uranium production in that country. Cretaceous and Permian sandstones are important host rocks in Argentina. Other important deposits are found in carboniferous deltaic sandstones in Niger in Permian Lacustrine siltstones in France and in Permian sandstones of the Alpine region. The deposits in Precambrian marginal marine sandstones in Gabon have also been classified as sandstone deposits. 

Tetraterpenoids and polyterpenoids are minor components of higher plants and are generally overwhelmed by the input of those compounds from microbial biomass in marine and lacustrine environments or sedimentary rocks. The natural cyclic tetraterpenoids have a maximum of two alicyclic rings, and thus the saturated and aromatic derivatives are limited. The common parent skeltons are lycopane, carotane, l-(2 , 2 ,6 -trimethylcyclohexyl)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosane, and biphytane. ... 

Oil shales are found on most continents (Fig. 1) in rocks of Cambrian to Neogene age (Russell 1990 Urov Sumberg 1999). Depending on their original depositional environment, Hutton (1987) divided oil shales into three basic groups (1) terrestrial, (2) lacustrine, and (3) subtidal or marine. 

Most of these clays were formed by the alteration of volcanic material and basic igneous rocks. A few analyses of gouge clay and hydrothermal alteration deposits are included. Volcanic-derived montmorillonites have been formed in marine and lacustrine environments and in a variety of weathering and terrestial environments. A... 

Vandenbroucke, M. Behar, F. In Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks Fleet. A. J. Kelts, K. Talbot, M. R., Eds Blackwell Oxford, Geological Society Special Publication 1988, 40, pp 91-101. 

Brassell, S.C. Sheng Guoying Fu Jiamo Eglinton, G. In Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks Kelts, K. Fleet, A.J. Talbot, M., Eds. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 40 Blackwell Oxford, 1988 pp 299-308. 

Volkman, J.K. In Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks Kelts, K. ... 

The data described above can be used to predict the location of better source rocks in vertically drained basins, especially in deltaic-type environments with relatively young source rocks. With long-distance vertical migration, some of the biomarker parameters may become skewed. A number of factors must first be considered before applying this approach first, some of the parameters vary with maturity second, C30 steranes are not present in lacustrine samples and so the approach will not work in that situation and finally, it will not work where the oils were deposited prior to land plant evolution, since no vitrinite was present at that time. Oils from mixed source rocks also complicate the issue. The ability to predict source rock properties on the basis of biomarker distributions in cmde oils is a very interesting concept, since most exploration efforts try to discover oil and not source rocks. 

Grice K., Schouten S., Peters K. E., and Sinningjie Damste J. S. (1998c) Molecular isotopic characterisation of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Palaeocene-eocene evaporitic, lacustrine source rocks from the Jianghan Basin, China. Org. Geochem. 29, 1745-1764. 

Freshwater mollusc shells and carbonate pebbles are frequently perforated by the cyanophytes Hyella fontana Huber et Jadin and Schizothrix perforans (Ercegovic) Geitler. Schizothrix lacustris A. Braun is a facultative borer that participates both in lacustrine carbonate crust deposition and excavation of furrows in carbonate rocks in lakes (Schneider, 1977). 

Since the age of agriculture is estimated to be about 10 ky, it follows that any discussion of natural inputs of minerals to agricultural soils from an external source will be limited to comparatively recent phenomena. Thus, rocks and minerals that have been transported in the distant geologic past by ice, wind, and water to form glacial, aeolian, alluvial, lacustrine, and marine deposits are outside the scope of this chapter, since these are generally parent materials from which modem soils were formed. Dense populations usually developed where the soils had been enriched by recent volcanic activity or by young alluvial deposits. 

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