Lactose modification with

Scheme 3 Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialyl lactose trisaccharide with C8 modifications...

Native starches are used as disintegrants, diluents, and wet binders. However, their poor flow and high lubricant sensitivity make them less favorable in direct compression. Different chemical, mechanical, and physical modifications of native starches have been used to improve both their direct compression and controlled-release properties (Sanghvi, 1993 van Aerde and Remon, 1988). Schinzinger and Schmidt (2005) used potato starch as an excipient and compared its granulating behavior with a-lactose-monohydrate and di-calcium phosphate anhydrous in a laboratory fluidized bed granulator using statistical methods. 

All the fermentation-based modifications of lactose are probably not really economical because lactose is not cost-competitive with alternative... 

Fig. (10). Agar diffusion of different proteins and a lipid conjugated with lactose against anti-lactose antibodies (well L) and against anti-BSA antibodies (Well BS) wells 1-6 contained Lac-poly, Lac-BSA, Lac-sphingosine, Lac-ORA, Lac-HGG and BSA Chemical modification of the antigen by periodate oxidation or borohydride reduction can effect an agar diffusion against anti-gum arabic antibodies (Se), GA=gum arabic Bl=blank.

Enzyme Assay Procedure. The catalytic potency of the immobilized g-galactosidase was determined in a plug flow reactor ( 9). Glucose liberated by the catalytic activity of 3-galactosi-dase on lactose was determined by the glucose oxidase-chromogen method (21 ) with some modifications. 

Water soluble carbodiimides inhibit the transcription of supercoiled PM2 DNA with E. coli B RNA polymerase. " Modification of the lactose permease of E. Coli with carbodiimides shows a preference for hydrophobic carbodiimides (DCC) over hydrophilic carbodiimides. In carbodiimide modification of EmrE, a small multidrug transporter in E. Coli, DIPCD modification indicates that Glu-14 is the target of the reaction. Polynucleotides react with positively charged water soluble carbodiimides much faster than do the monomers, owing to their electrostatic effect. ... 

Fig. 2. Reactions catalyzed by galactosyltransferase (GT). (a) The incorporation of galactose (Gal) into a (1—>4) linkage with JV-acelylglucosamine (NAG) to form N-acetyl-lactosamine (NAL). UDP, Uridine diphosphate, (b) Modification of the activity of GT by a-lactalbumin (a-LA) to convert it to a lactose synthase catalyzing the formation of lactose from UDP-Gal and glucose.

In 1958 Yasunobu and Wilcox drew attention to certain similarities between a-lactalbumin and lysozyme (see Gordon, 1971). A few years later Brew and Campbell (1967) also drew attention to their marked similarity in molecular weights, amino acid composition, and the amino-and carboxy-terminal amino acid residues. They stated, To the extent that the properties mentioned reflect similar primary structures, the a-lactalbumins may have evolved by gradual modification from lysozyme, which is found in the milk of many species (p. 263). This proposal prompted Brew etal. (1967, 1970) to determine the amino acid sequence of bovine a-lactalbumin, which proved to have a high level of sequence identity with domestic hen egg-white lysozyme. Thus, these studies were in accordance with the proposal that the two proteins had diverged from a common ancestor (see also Hill etal., 1969, 1974). They stated that although lysozyme does not participate in lactose synthesis and a-lactalbu-... 

Several solid polyols can be used as direct compression diluents, usually after some physical modification. Most such polyols can be obtained from natural sources, but are usually manufactured by hydrogenation of the parent sugar molecule. Some properties of polyols, together with comparative data for lactose and sucrose, are shown in Table 6. 

Modifications at positions 4 (not shown in Table 16.3), 8 (entry 6) and 9 (entry 7) of the terminal sialic acid are detrimental to activity, whereas deoxygenation at C-7 (entry 5) slightly improves the activity compared with a(2-3)-sialyl lactose (entry 1). Interestingly, the replacement of the entire terminal NeuSAc moiety by Kdn (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-gfl(acfo-nononic acid entry 8) resulted in a 6.5-fold improved inhibition compared with the NeuSAc-containing analog (entry 13). 

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