L- - -iodide

Typical brines received at an Arkansas bromine plant have 3—5 g/L bromide, 200—250 g/L chloride, 0.15—0.20 g/L ammonia, 0.1—0.3 g/L hydrogen sulfide, 0.01—0.02 g/L iodide, and additionally may contain some dissolved organics, including natural gas and cmde oil. The bromide-containing brine is first treated to remove natural gas, cmde oil, and hydrogen sulfide prior to introduction into the contact tower (48). 

When the first retiction has subsided, 70 c.c. ofdi ether aic. added, and the lemaiiulei of the ilk>l iodide and etlicr uiistiiie lun 111 (li(ii) by diop from the t.ip-fimnel. The eontcnls of the ll.isk are... 

The original Sonogashira reaction uses copper(l) iodide as a co-catalyst, which converts the alkyne in situ into a copper acetylide. In a subsequent transmeta-lation reaction, the copper is replaced by the palladium complex. The reaction mechanism, with respect to the catalytic cycle, largely corresponds to the Heck reaction.Besides the usual aryl and vinyl halides, i.e. bromides and iodides, trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates) may be employed. The Sonogashira reaction is well-suited for the synthesis of unsymmetrical bis-2xy ethynes, e.g. 23, which can be prepared as outlined in the following scheme, in a one-pot reaction by applying the so-called sila-Sonogashira reaction ... 

One particularly valuable reaction of alkyllithiums is in making lithium diorganocop>per compounds, UR2CU, by reaction with copper(l) iodide in... 

Carboxylic acids, a-bromination of 55, 31 CARBOXYLIC ACID CHLORIDES, ketones from, 55, 122 CARBYLAMINE REACTION, 55, 96 Ceric ammonium nitrate [Ammonium hexa mtrocerate(IV)[, 55, 43 Chlorine, 55, 33, 35, 63 CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE-PYRIDINE COMPLEX, preparation in situ, 55, 84 Cinnamomtnle, a-phenyl- [2-Propeneni-tnle 2,3-diphenyl-], 55, 92 Copper(l) iodide, 55, 105, 123, 124 Copper thiophenoxide [Benzenethiol, copper(I) salt], 55, 123 CYCLIZATION, free radical, 55, 57 CYCLOBUTADIENE, 55, 43 Cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl [Iron, tn-carbonyl(r)4-l,3-cyclo-butadiene)-], 55,43... 

Methylene-1,3-dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane, 2-methylene- (9) (26728-22-3) Copper(l) iodide Copper iodide (8,9) (7681-65-4)... 

In contrast to the rhodium process the most abundant iridium species, the catalyst resting state, in the BP process is not the lr(l) iodide, but the product of the oxidative addition of Mel to this complex. 

Copper(I) acetylides can bo prepanid from atmrioniacal co )per(l) iodide and ac cdyUaies.Tlwi generation of... 

I. A )iiriflodgradcof( opp( r(l) iodide, purchased from Fisher Sc.iontifii ( om])any, was used without purification. 

The checkers obtained 86-93% yields of indium(l) iodide, and 98-113% yields of recovered indium(lll) Iodide etherate. The latter material was successfully recycled as described by the submitters (Note 9). 

The recovered Inij can be used without further purification to generate additional Ini. Procedure B was repeated with recovered Inij (14.4 g, 29.1 mmol), indium powder (1.7 g, 14.8 mmol) and degassed xylenes (320 ml) to yield 5.0 g (95%) of indium(l) iodide and 10.0 g (93%) of recovered indium(lll) iodide. 

A similar reaction occurs with bromine at first copper(ll) bromide is formed which at red heat converts to copper(I) bromide. Fluorination yields CuF2. Heating the metal with iodine and concentrated hydriodic acid produces copper(l) iodide. When copper is heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen, the product is copper(I) sulfide, CU2S. 

Copper(l) iodide is prepared by heating copper with iodine and concentrate hydriodic acid, HI. Another preparation route is precipitation of the salt by mixing aqueous solutions of potassium or sodium iodide with copper sulfate or any soluble copper(ll) salt ... 

Mercury(I) nitrate undergoes double decomposition reactions with anions in aqueous solution, forming corresponding mercury(l) salts. With potassium iodide and sodium bromide, yellow mercury(l) iodide and white mercury(I) bromide precipitate, respectively. Similarly, mercury(l) nitrate in acid medium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form mercury(1) sulfate ... 

A simple bent glass tube is useful as an addition funnel for nppcr(l) iodide. 

A variety of methods exist for the formation of 1,2-thiazines via the construction of an S-N bond by nucleophilic attack of nitrogen onto a sulfur-bearing leaving group. For example, the reaction of aryl bromide 189 with potassium thiocyanate in the presence of copper(l) iodide and triethylamine affords benzothiazine 190, although in low yield and as a mixture with indoline by-product 191 (Equation 28) <2000JOC8152>. 

Miura and co-workers attempted the cyclization of phenylacetylene 126 with (Z)-a,A -diphenylnitrone 127 to form (3-lactams 128 and 129 in the presence of /-pr-box 45 and copper(l) iodide or bu-box 3 and copper(I) iodide, as shown in Figure 9.40 (Table 9.21). When the ligands were used in catalytic amounts, precipitation of the copper acetylide was observed and virtually no cycloadduct was formed. However, when the reaction was carried out using 1 equiv of ligand and copper(l) iodide, the trans cycloadduct 128 was formed in up to 54% yield and 68% ee. 

A cyclization of enecarbamates leads to the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-f]pyridines (Equation 40) <2005TL8877>. The reaction is catalyzed by a copper(l) iodide/L-proline catalyst system. 

The copper(l) iodide-promoted ring closure of the pyridyl bromophenyl ketone 106 leads to the formation of 2-(3 -bromophenyl)furo[2,3-r-]pyridine as shown in Equation (46) <2005JOC6964>. 

Pyrazine 168 underwent cross-coupling with propyne in the tri-o-tolylphosphine, and copper(l) iodide to provide 170. The isocyanate or methyl chloroformate and sodium hydride to give An isolated example of the synthesis of chiral pteridines from a (Scheme 33). 2-Isothiocyanatopyrazine-3-carboxylates have been isothiocyanatopyrazine-2-carboxylate 172 reacted with R)- —) provided the pteridine derivative 173 and uncyclized pyrazine with pyridine precursors afforded pyrido[2,3 Pytitnidines. 

Subsequently, a copper-catalyzed cross-coupling [with substoichiometric amounts of copper(l) iodide and N,N -dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA)] between aryl halides and sulfoximines was developed [52]. In this case, both aryl bromides and aryl iodides reacted well. For the conversion of the former substrates an in-situ copper-catalyzed aryl Finkelstein reaction [53] had to be performed first, as shown in Scheme 2.1.1.22 for the preparation of 64 starting from bromobenzene (62). 

The synthesis of phosphino sulfoximine 97 relied significantly on the successful development of methods pursued in parallel in our group. Whereas palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings between 53 and 98 proceeded in low yield, the copper catalysis with a combination of copper(l) iodide and cesium acetate worked well, affording 99 in up to 83% yield [78]. The resulting phosphine oxides 99 were then reduced to the corresponding phosphines 97 using a mixture of trichlorosilane and triethylamine (Scheme 2.1.1.33). 

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