Kunz hydrolysis

Partial Kunz hydrolysis of (— )-3a,6j8-diisovaleroxytropane (LI), at variance with the former finding 52), was achieved 51), yielding (— )-3a-isovaleroxytropan-6j8-ol, to which the correct absolute configuration XXXII was later allotted 31). 

In addition to enzymatic hydrolysis (see Section 5.8.1), inulin can be hydrolyzed chemically and subsequently dehydrated to yield hydroxymethylfurfural (van Dam et al., 1986), a key industrial chemical (Gretz et al., 1993 Fuchs, 1987 Kunz, 1993 Makkee et al., 1985 van Dam et al., 1986). Likewise, catalytic hydrogenation of D-fructose yields D-mannitol and D-sorbitol mixtures from which mannitol can be removed via crystallization (Fuchs, 1987). 

It had been found that the equimolecular mixture of n-galactose and D-altrose resulting from the acid hydrolysis of neolactose had a negative rotation, calculated as hexose, of [ ]d —8.95° in water. Knowing the equilibrium rotation of n-galactose to be +80°, Kunz and Hudson" estimated that n-altrose would have [ajn —98° in water. 

In order to minimize the starch hydrolysis, Berl and Kunze substituted phosphoric acid for sulfuric acid in the nitration mixture. 

K. Tag, A.W.K. Kwong, M. Lehmann, C. Chan, R. Renneberg, K. Riedal, and G. Kunze. Fast detection of high molecular weight substances in wastewater based on enzymatic hydrolysis combined with the Arxula BOD system. /. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 75 1080-1082, 2000. 

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