Krypton bromide

An example of a stepped isotherm, for krypton at 90 K, is shown in Fig. 2.21(a), where the adsorbent is graphitized carbon black, which is known to possess a very uniform surface. Figure 2.21(h) shows the steps obtained, also with krypton, on cadmium bromide. 

Fig. 2.21 Stepped isotherms of (a) krypton at 90 K on a carbon black graphitizcd at 2700°C. (a) (O) Run 1 ( ) Run 2 (b) krypton at 73-1 K on crystals of cadmium bromide. (Courtesy (a) Amberg, Spencer and Beebe " (b) Larher . )...

Fig. 7—8. Calibration curve for the determination of tungsten in solution with bromide as an internal standard, for two different counter tubes. Squares = krypton counted total count, 10(16,384) circles = argon counter total count, 5(16,384). (Fagel, Liebhafsky, and Zemany, Anal. Chem., 30, 1918.)...

By gaining one electron, the bromine atom attains the electron configuration of krypton and also attains a charge of 1-. The two ions expected are therefore Ca + and Br. Since calcium bromide as a whole cannot have any net charge, there must be two bromide ions for each calcium ion hence, the formula is CaBr2. 

Hydrogen bromide, 0247 Hydrogen chloride, 3993 Hydrogen fluoride, 4294 Krypton difluoride, 4313... 

Since the sum of the ionic radii is known (from x-ray studies), both radii may then be evaluated. Similarly, if the S values for the argon, krypton, and xenon structures are known, the interionic distances in KC1, RbBr, and Csl may be used to calculate ionic radii for K+, Rb+, Cs4, Cl, Br, and I . The values for cesium and iodide ions must be regarded cautiously (for, as we shall see presently, the structure of the cesium halides is different from that of the other alkali halides) but the radii of the retnaining ions fit into a self-consistent system. Thus, adding from sodium fluoride (0.95 k) to R Br from rubidium bromide (1.95 A) yields a sum not greatly different from the observed interionic distance in solid sodium bromide (2.98 A). 

In spite of the presence of the type 1 part of the surface, one can frequently estimate the two-dimensional critical temperature of the phase transition, provided that the type 2 part of the surface is uniform enough to make the transition manifest. Thus we can use this procedure, for example, with the supra- and sub-critical isotherms of methane, ethane, and xenon adsorbed by the jlOOl face of sodium chloride, published by Ross and Clark (12). Using estimates of aTc from these data in Equation 4 yields a value for the surface field of F = 1.5 0.5 X 10r> e.s.u. per sq. cm. the poor precision of the result is due to the difficulty of interpolating the temperature of the critical isotherm by eye. The surface field of the jlOOj face of sodium bromide can be estimated in a similar way, using the data of Fisher and McMillan (6) for the adsorption of methane and krypton. The result for the surface field is again between 1 and 2 X 105 e.s.u. per sq. cm. 

Predict whether a sodium ion will be most strongly attracted to a bromide ion, a molecule of hydrogen bromide, or an atom of krypton. 

When a halogen atom [Group 7A(17)] adds a single electron to the five in its np sublevel, it becomes isoelectronic with the next noble gas. Bromide ion, for example, is isoelectronic with krypton (Kr) ... 

Tracers (40, 41) are used primarily to estimate volumetric sweep and to locate steam channels. The tracer should not react with the reservoir. The four main categories of tracers are radioisotopes (e.g., tritium and krypton), which are used in steam floods salts (e.g., sodium bromide and sodium nitrate) fluorescent dyes (e.g., uranian) and water-soluble alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol). The surfactant itself may be used as a tracer. Its concentration at production wells may be determined by using methods such as liquid chromatography, colorimetry, and titration. 

Krypton - hydrogen bromide (1/1) (weakly bound complex)... 

In the same year Soddy moved to the laboratory of Sir William Ramsey in London (Ramsey was the discoverer of helium and he had also isolated the rare gases neon, krypton, xenon and argon). Soddy hoped to identify the spectrum of the emanation from a pure radium bromide. The experiment failed because they did not see the expected spectrum but the familiar... 

Let us now consider the kind of bond that results when potassium bromide is formed from its elements. Were a potassium atom, K (atomic number 19), to lose 1 electron thereby becoming a potassium ion, K", it would have the same electron configuration as argon (atomic number 18), a noble gas. Were a bromine atom, Br (atomic number 35), to gain 1 electron thereby becoming a bromide ion, s6r , it would have the same electron configuration as krypton (atomic number 36), a noble gas. The potassium bromide, K+Br , fonned by such transfer of electrons, is said to have an tONiC BOND. 

Krypton s outer electron shell is filled, giving it chemical stabihty. Bromine is missing an electron from its outer shell and subsequently has a high electron affinity. Bromine tends to be easily reduced by gaming an electron, giving the bromide ion stability due to the filled p subsheU that corresponds to krypton s chemically stable electron configuration. 

In order to indicate the range of the hazard to the public, the researchers considered three reactor-acddent cases. In the first one, all the fission products were released from the reactor core, but none escaped from the containment building. The second case assumed all of the noble gases (xenon, krypton, and bromide) and iodines plus 1 percent of the strontium were released to the atmosphere. The third case, the major one or worst possible accident considered, assumed that 50 percent of all fission products were discharged to the atmosphere. ... 

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