Knowledge interdisciplinary

A deeper knowledge on chitosan was obtained, but also a fruitful integration of interdisciplinary interests. 

We live, more and more, in a globalized society, looking to cycles and chains that integrate knowledge and interdisciplinary areas, looking for the welfare and health of human beings. 

The study of phenomena and processes at the phase boundaries of matter is the realm of the surface scientist. The tools of his trade are drawn from across the spectrum of the various scientific disciplines. It is therefore interesting that, in investigating the properties of such boundaries, the sur-facist must transcend the interdisciplinary boundaries between the subjects themselves. In this respect, he harkens back to the days of renaissance man, when knowledge knew no boundaries, and was pursued simply for its own sake, in the spirit of enlightenment. 

Rational control of health and environnental risks from technical development requires scientific knowledge which must be acquired through the orderly process of the scientific method of inquiry. Contrary to widely held opinions the latter is no less subjective than other rational human endeavors which require decisions under uncertainty. Indeed, to be applied, the method requires a value system which in ordinary research is supplied by the various scientific disciplines. Because of differences among the disciplinary value systems problems often arise in the interdisciplinary settings of efforts to control risks from technical development. Metrics, the concepts, theory, and practice of measurement is suggested here as a way to deal with such problems. 

They vary from discipline to discipline and from time to time. As might be expected, although appropriate in the context of their development, such standards are often likely to be incomplete or otherwise inappropriate for universal application because they are value-laden rules for making choices (vide infra). Through use, however, they become valuable to those who use them. Often these standards also become a cause of contention when, in interdisciplinary settings, practical knowledge must be extracted from experimental data. Thus, controversies often arise when scientists trained in different disciplines influence public policies or make decisions based on the conversion standards in which they were trained. 

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