Knowledge convergence

In the development of the assembly variability risks analysis, expert knowledge, data found in many engineering references and information drawn from the CSC DFA/MA practitioner s manual (CSC Manufacturing, 1995) were collated and issues related to variability converged on. Much of the knowledge for the additional assembly variability risks analysis was reviewed from the fabrication and joining data sheets called PRocess Information MAps (PRIMAs) as given in Swift and Booker (1997). 

The above method is the well-known Gauss-Newton method for differential equation systems and it exhibits quadratic convergence to the optimum. Computational modifications to the above algorithm for the incorporation of prior knowledge about the parameters (Bayessian estimation) are discussed in detail in Chapter 8. 

Both the 12C/13C primary KIE and the 14N/15N secondary KIE have been determined (Table 4-2) [19, 20], with the immediate adjacent atoms about the isotopic substitution site quantized as well. To our knowledge, we are not aware of any such simulations prior to our work for a condensed phase reaction with converged secondary heavy isotope effects. This demonstrates the applicability and accuracy of the PI-FEP/UM method. 

This achievement was unique in two respects 1) it was the first example of industrial application of a homogeneous enantioselective catalysis methodology and 2) it represented a rare example of very quick convergence of basic knowledge into commercial application. The monophosphine ligand CAMP was shortly replaced by the related diphosphine ligand DIPAMP which improved the selectivity for the I-DOPA system up to 95% ee [45]. 

The What-if, the checklists and Hazop are well publicized hazard identification tools. But as Bollinger et al. (1996) have pointed out the use of any of these techniques demands knowledge, experience and flexibility. No prescriptive set of questions or key words or list is sufficient to cover all processes, hazards and all impacted populations. Bollinger et al. find that refinement of the quantitative measurement techniques such as safety indices and convergence to a single set of accepted indices would be beneficial. 

A lot of convergent knowledge was rapidly acquired in these apparently different fields and an important consequence was that a huge number of structurally different phase-transfer catalysts were made available within a few years a most significant step was the immobilization of phase-transfer catalysts on a polymer matrix (12-16). 

Kalman Filter Process model, (including process kinetics, but it is possible to estimate some kinetic parameters on-line), process inputs, statistical noise properties. Well known approach. It takes into account the measuring noise as well as process inputs noise. Model hnearization Inputs knowledge Stabihty and convergence are only locally vahd. [6p... 

Asymptotic server Ob- Process model, (process kinetics as well as yield coefficients can be estimated on-line), process inputs. It takes specifically into account the nonlinear structure of the system Simplicity of the method Stability and convergence are guaranteed if the inputs are persistent and bounded. Partial model knowledge Inputs knowledge Non-adjustable convergence rate. [6]... 

Partial model knowledge Inputs knowledge Non-adjustable convergence rate. 

In the approaches presented above, the system inputs are necessary to synthesize the observers. Moreover, even when the asymptotic observers allow robustifying the HGO s — in the sense that they limit the knowledge, necessary a priori to synthesize them —, they do not allow the tuning of the convergence rate, which is completely determined by the process conditions (i. e., the dilution rate). This property can involve important convergence times. 

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