Knock out mouse model

Parmigiani S, Palanza P, Rodgers J, Ferrari PF (1999) Selection, evolution of behavior and animal models in behavioral neuroscience. Nemosci Biobehav Rev 23 957-970 Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M (1985) Validation of open closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14 149-167 Picciotto MR (1999) Knock-out mouse models used to study nemobiological systems. Crit Rev Neurobiol 13 103-149... 

A variety of GEM models are now available in which aspects of mouse metabolism have been replaced by their human counterparts. Mice with knocked-out mouse pregnane X receptor (mPXR) and knocked-in human PXR (hPXR) have been available for some time. Now, mice with knocked-out mouse constitutive androstane receptor (mCAR) and knocked-in human CAR (hCAR) and mice with both hPXR and hCAR have been generated.63... 

Beside their properties as tools for investigation and treatment of human diseases, animal models are also of interest for more detailed insights into metabolic pathways. Besides the animals deficient in biosynthetic enzymes mentioned in the introduction, this is also the case in a double knock out mouse lacking the genes for both the a- and P-chain of P-hexosaminidase. These mice have been developed without... 

HFE has been shown to be located in cells in the crypts of the small intestine, the site of iron absorption. There is evidence that it associates with P2 niicroglobu-lin, an association that may be necessary for its stability, intracellular processing, and cell surface expression. The complex interacts with the transferrin receptor (TfR) how this leads to excessive storage of iron when HFE is altered by mutation is under close smdy. The mouse homolog of HFE has been knocked out, resulting in a potentially useful animal model of hemochromatosis. 

Various animal species have been exploited in experimental atherosclerosis research, but nowadays most of the research is performed in mice [139]. This species has the advantage of developing atherosclerotic lesions in a relatively short period of time. The emergence of a broad variety of knock-out and transgenic mouse strains has led to a huge increase in the atherosclerosis research performed in this species. Mice are resistant to atherosclerosis when fed a normal low-fat chow diet, but they can develop atherosclerotic lesions after hypercholes-terolaemia has been induced. The three most widely used models in research on atherosclerosis are diet-induced, apoE deficiency-induced or LDL receptor deficiency-induced [139]. 

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