Kivcet process costs

Lead smelter capital costs - Kivcet process (cost basis - June 2005). 

A distinctive feature of the Kivcet process is its environmental friendliness, ability to run with high metals recovery and gaseous sulphur dioxide recovery. Originally, the Kivcet process was designed as a process for sulphide concentrate smelting. With that feed excellent process and cost attractive results were achieved. 

Table 17.5 gives the capital cost estimate for the production of 100 000 t/a of lead in bullion by the Kivcet process. 

Using the above assumptions Table 17.14 details the costs and returns of lead production using the sinter plant-blast furnace process and the Kivcet process as an example of direct smelting technology, both followed by thermal refining. 

Table 17.9 gives a comparison of estimated capital and operating cost for the standard sinter plant-blast furnace technology with the Kivcet and Isasmelt processes as two examples of direct smelting technologies. 

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