Kinematic separation

Speed Due to the short half-lives of even the longest-lived currently known transactinide nuclides, see Chapter 1, the time required between the production of a nuclide and the start of the measurement is one of the main factors determining the overall yield. In contrast to kinematic separators, chemical instrumentation currently allows the investigation of transactinide nuclides with half-lives of a few seconds or longer. The importance of the speed of separation may diminish in... 

Atoms of the transactinide elements are produced at extremely low rates atoms per minute for Rf and Db, down to atoms per day for elements 106-108. They are produced among much larger amounts of background activities which hinder the detection and identification of decay of the transactinide atoms of interest. For these reasons, there is a recognized need for a physical pre-separation of the transactinide element atoms before chemical separation. Thus, it has been proposed that a kinematic separator could be coupled to a transactinide chemistry system with an aerosol gas-jet device, and a workshop has been held to discuss the merits and design of such a device [33],... 

Use heavier ions to provide better kinematic separation... 

Hahma developed high-density pyrolants for autophagous nose cones for advanced infrared decoy flares with improved kinematic separation behaviour [46]. Typical payloads are depicted ... 

Bohrium (Z = 107) was first synthesized in 1981 at the GSl laboratory earlier work involving the detection of a spontaneous fission daughter activity was not considered conclusive [199, 239]. The kinematic separator SHIP was used to isolate Bh (Ti/2 = 20 ms), produced in the Bi( " Cr,n) reaction [252, 257], and Bh (T1/2 — 12 ms), produced in the Bi( " Cr,2n) reaction [258,259], with cross sections of 400 pb and 60 pb, respectively. The decay properties of both isotopes have been confirmed [260, 261]. The lighter isotope h (Ti/2 = 30 ms) has been produced in the Bi( Cr,n) reaction with a cross section of 60 pb [262]. Bohrium isotopes also result from the a decays of meitnerium isotopes [263-266]. The directly produced cold-fusion isotopes of bohrium all have half-lives of less than one second and are of limited interest to the radiochemist. Longer lived isotopes 1.0-s Bh and 1.1-s Bh occur in the decay chains of Rg and 113, respectively (see below). 

The kinematic separator takes advantage of the kinematic properties of recoiling compound nuclei, whose direction and velocity are simply defined by the Newtonian laws of motion. The velocities of the recoil species are such that they... 

A typical detection setup at the focal plane of a kinematic separator includes transmission time-of-flight detectors followed by a stopping position-sensitive semiconductor detector. The time-of-flight detectors are used to tag energy signals... 

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