Kidney transplantation hyperacute rejection

Hyperacute rejection has become uncommon in kidney and heart transplants because transplant donors are matched for ABO blood groups and crossmatch testing is done to determine the presence of donor-specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies. A positive crossmatch presents a serious risk for graft failure even if hyperacute rejection does not occur. A negative lymphocytotoxicity crossmatch does not entirely rule out the possibility of hyperacute rejection because non-MHC antigens on the vascular endothelium can serve as targets of donor-specific antibodies. 

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