Kidney anatomical relationship

Figure 45-1 The vascular and anatomical relationships of the kidneys in man. (From Leaf A, Cotran RS, Renal pathophysiology. 3rd ed. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1985. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press.)...

HF is a relendess progressive syndrome in which different anatomic, frmctional and biological alterations interact in a complex manner and involve all the body systems over a sustained period of time. Initially, cardiac dysfunction dominates the scenario of the disease, and the vascular/renal response is an early adaptive mechanism to worsening cardiac function. A cause-effect relationship between the heart and a vascular/kidney involvement is the basis of the two models proposed in the past in an attempt to describe the pathophysiology of the disease. The so-called hemodynamic model highlighted peripheral vasoconstriction in response to reduced cardiac output as the body attempts to preserve... 

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