Kelvin. Lord/Thomson

Kelvin Lord (Thomson W.), Hydrokinetic solutions and observations, Phil. Mag., 42, 362-377, 1871. 

Refs. [i] Preston-Thomas H (1990) Metrologia 27 3, errata Metrologia 27 107 [ii] Quinn T] (1990) Temperature. Academic Press, New York [Hi] Cohen ER, Cvitas T, Frey /G et at. (eds) (2007) IUPAC quantities, units and symbols. In Physical chemistry, 3rd edn, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp 4,85-87 [iv]Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) (1848) Philos Mag33 313 Reprinted in Sir William Thomson (1882) Mathematical and physical papers, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 100-106... 

Karapetyanls, M.Kh., Chemical Thermodynamics, Mir Publishers. Moscow (1978). Kelvin, Lord William Thomson, Philosophical Magazine, October 1848, Vol, I, Cambridge University Press (1882), pp. 100-106. 

It will be seen in Chapter VII ( 18k) that it is possible to develop an absolute temperature scale, also independent of the nature of the thermometric substance, based on the second law of thermodynamics. This is sometimes called the Kelvin scale, in honor of its originator. Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). Actually, the thermodynamic scale can be shown to be identical with the absolute ideal gas scale, as defined above hence, temperatures on the latter, as well as the former, scale are represented by the symbol K. The ice point is consequently 273.16 K. It may be noted, incidentally, that the thermodynamic derivation of the absolute temperature scale provides a more definite interpretation of the absolute zero, i.e., the lowest limit of temperature, than is possible by means of the ideal gas thermometer. ... 

Although, in hindsight, the 1932 model of Z protons and N = A — Z) neutrons became obsolete in 1964 (as seen below), it is still the colloquial way of thinking in nuclear physics, and it served to describe the stellar and the major part of the prestellar (primordial) nucleosynthesis. Since geologists pointed out their dissatisfaction with the maximum life-time of 50 million years for our Sun, if powered by gravitational contraction, as first calculated by Lord Kelvin [William Thomson (1824-1907)] one had looked to something like radioactivity, but it was found that the only viable reaction is... 

The term 1/a has units of temperature. We are now able to define a new temperature scale such that 1/a new degrees is equivalent to 0°C, and (1/a+l) new degrees is equivalent to 1°C, and so on. This means that the gas volume is directly proportional to temperature measured on our new scale. In fact no gas obeys this relationship exactly, although helium comes very close to it. We none the less find that all gases obey it at the limit of zero pressure. The hypothetical ideal gas is thus defined as one which does obey it over all ranges. The temperature scale which results is named after Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) who was its originator. 

An alternative statement of the second law, due to Lord Kelvin (William Thomson, 1824-1907) and Max Planck (1858-1947), is that it is not possible to construct a device operating in a cycle that results in no effect other than, the production of work by tran.sferring heat from a single body. A schematic diagram of a Kelvin-Planck device is shown below. 

Following Lord Kelvin (W. Thomson) we redefine the function F T) as the absolute temperature T (F(T) = T). The efficiency of the engine is now written as... 

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