Kamal-Sourour

The model that best represents the curing kinetics of thermosetting resins such as epoxy and unsaturated polyester, and as reflected in a TTT-diagram, is a diffusion modified Kamal-Sourour reaction model [9, 14, 13]. To model autocatalytic cure kinetics, the model can be applied as... 

Modeling the vulcanization of liquid silicone rubber (LSR). Lopez et al. [28, 29] modeled the vulcanization of liquid silicone rubber using dynamic DSC tests. In order to do this, the Kissinger model [25, 26] and the Kamal-Sourour model were used to determine kinetic parameters that fit the experimental data. The idea is to generate a single set of parameters that accurately models the used scanning rates of 1,2.5, 5, and 10 K/min. 

The model used for fitting the data was the autocatalytic Kamal-Sourour model [13, 14],... 

In order to find a unique set of parameters for all rates, Lopez et al. proposed that the activation energy E is determined through Kissinger s model, which is implemented to mathematically determine the other five parameters for the Kamal-Sourour model. The activation energy, E2, is fitted as a constant, while the four remaining parameters,... 

Figure 8.32 Comparison between measured (DSC) and computed (Kamal-Sourour) model of the heat generation during cure for two heating rates [1].

The kinetic model proposed in this report was originally based upon the kinetic model and rate expression (Equation 4) proposed by Sourour and Kamal (7). 

Kamal et al. 85) examined the stoichiometric mixture of BADGE and MPD in the temperature range 57-147 °C. The data were fitted to Equation (4-11) with m = n = 1. In a later study on the same system Sourour and Kamal86) used amine to epoxide equivalent ratios (B) of 1.0 and 1.5 and found that the data fitted the Eq. 

Equation (5.4) is usually referred to as the Kamal equation (Kamal, 1974 Sourour and Kamal, 1976), and is one of the most popular phenomenological kinetic equations used in the literature to fit experimental data for thermosetting polymers. 

Sourour, S., Kamal, M. R. Differential scanning calorimetry of epoxy cure isothermal cure kinetics, Thermochimica Acta, 14, 41 (1976)... 

In one of the earliest analyses of cure kinetics by DSC, Horie et al. (1970) derived a kinetic relationship for epoxy-amine cure assuming near-equal reactivity of primary and secondary amines and no other reactions. This was later refined for a stoichiometric epoxyamine system (Sourour and Kamal, 1976) and takes the form... 

Epoxy resin (TGDDM/DDS) (Sourour and Kamal, 1976) Thermosets (Gonzalez-Romero and Casillas, 1989)... 

First-order isothermal (Kamal and Sourour, 1973) and non-isothermal (Dusi et al, 1982, 1983) chemoviscosity profiles were presented for epoxy-resin systems in the forms ... 

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