Kaischew

The kinetics of the transition from Graham s glass to trimetaphosphate crystals follow Stranski and Kaischew s theory of crystallization (157, 277) and yield an activation energy of 62.9 kcal/mole (124). Trimetaphosphate occurs as the equilibrium phase in the system NaP03—H20 at between 450° and 620°C (199). 

R. Kaischew, Bull. Acad. Bulg, Sci. Phys. 1 100 (1950). Theory of 2D nucleation. 

See also crystallization overpotential (polarization), - nucleation and growth kinetics, - equilibrium forms of crystals and droplets, - half-crystal position, - Kaischew, - metal deposition, - supersaturation, - Stranski, - Zeldovich. 

Making use of Eqs. (2) and (3) the condition for the equilibrium form dO = 0, dV = 0 leads to Wulff s rule (Gibbs-Curie-Wulff theorem [iii-v]) generalized by - Kaischew [i] to account for the crystal-substrate interaction ... 

Refs. [i] Milchev A, Stoyanov S (2002) Academician Rostislav Kaishev - a life dedicated to science. Academic Publisher Marin Drinov , Sofia, (in Bulgarian) [ii] Kaischew R (1932) Thermische Untersuchungen am festen undfliissigen Helium (Thermal studies of solid and liquid helium). PhD thesis, TH Breslau [ii] Stranski IN, Kaishev R (1931) Z Kristallogr 78 373 [iii] Kaischew R, Budevski E, Malinowski J (1955) Z phys Chem 204 348 [iv] Kaischew R (1981) J Cryst Growth 51 643... 

Refs. [i] Young T (1805) Philos Trans R Soc 95 65 [ii] Kaischew R (1980) Selected works. Academic Publishing House Marin Drinov [Hi] MilchevA (2002) Electrocrystallization fundamentals ofnucleation and growth. Kluwer, Boston... 

Kaischew and Krastanow took account of the hole formed in the liquid ( 9.Vin E) when a molecule evaporates from the surface. Ridler and Smith deduced the equation ... 

According to Kaischew [2.18], the definition of the equilibrium conditions involves the frequencies of attachment and detachment. 

In the case of electrodeposition of metals, however, the charge transfer across the electric field of the double layer, as well the ion-solvent interaction, have also to be considered. According to Kaischew [2.18], the attachment (deposition), dep, t > or the detachment (dissolution), frequencies [s j of atoms to or from a site x of z... 

The interaction of the crystal with the substrate can be described in a more perceivable way by the specific adhesion energy, p. According to Kaischew [4.4, 4,5], the adhesion energy can be defined by the detachment energy, contact surface area... 

This is the Gibbs-Wulff theorem as generalized by Kaischew for a crystal in contact with a substrate, i.e., for the case of heterogeneous nucleation and growth. Relation (4.10) allows the construction of the equilibrium form of a crystal ... 

For the equilibrium form, the Gibbs-Wulff-Kaischew theorem can be applied. It states that the normal distances hi of all faces from the Wulff point, including the top face and the contact face /, are proportional to the specific surface energies (cf. eq. (4.10)). Hence, the specific surface energies in eq. (4.21b) can be replaced by the respective distances, hi/A = ov, so that... 

According to eqs. (4.26a and b), the energy of formation of the critical cluster is also given by its volume Fcrit. This equation holds for both homgeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. If, according to Kaischew [4.4, 4.5], and FJ jj are... 

Potentiostatic techniques developed later gave more Intelligible results. The simplest potential-pulse technique, first used by Kaischew, Scheludko, and Bliznakov... 

Fundamental studies on metal deposition and electrocrystallization processes started in the first half of the twentieth century with thework of Volmer [6.3], Erdey-Gruz and Volmer [6.4], Brandes [6.5], Gorbunova and Dankov [6.6], and Kaischew [6.7]. A first attempt at a systematic study of the phenomenological aspects of electrodeposited metal coatings was made by Fischer [6.8]. 

Growth forms of isolated 3D Me crystallites and the transition to compact 3D Me deposits were extensively studied in the middle of the twentieth century by Kaischew, Budevski and Malinovski [6.54], Vermilyea and Price [6.55], and Russian authors [6.6, 6.56-6.58]. A review of the Russian activities in this field was recently published by Polukarov [6.59]. 

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