Joints, transfer line

Fig. 10. Scheme of coupling of the GC with the ICP-MS instrument 1, torch 2, injector supply 3, PTFE piece+PTFE Swagelok adapter 4, Swagelok T-joint 5, commercial transfer line 6, stainless-steel transfer tube 7, transfer capillary. Reprinted from De Smaele et al. [123] by permission of Elsevier Science. 

Figure 13 Scheme of coupling of the gas chromatograph (GC) with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument (1) torch (2) injector supply (3) Teflon piece + Teflon Swagelok adapter (4) Swagelok T-joint (5) commercial transfer line (6) stainless steel transfer tube (7) transfer capillary. (From Ref. 91.)... 

An additional external heating source was used to solve this problem. Two Osram Xenophot HLX 64 635 (15 Volt, 150 Watt) IR heaters mounted on moveable support arms were used to heat the MS capillary tip, a third one was used to heat the FTIR capillary tip. These three heaters are controlled by one Eurotherm 808 controller with the measuring and the alarm thermocouples mounted near the small ball-joint of the MS heated transfer line/TGA furnace coupling, see Figure 6.6. The measurement of the FTIR/MS capillary tip temperatures was repeated using only these extra heating sources (no TGA furnace switched on), the results are listed in Table 6.2. 

Fig. 1. General diagram (1) gas ballast (2) compressors (3) liquefier (4) liquid-hydrogen transfer line (5) automatic by pass valves (6) pipeline joint (7) pipeline joint (8) liquid-nitrogen storage tank (9) corn-pressed hydrogen reserve (10) immersed part of the loop (11) condensing area (12) liquid-neon-bath.

Oil transfer lines shall have good external insulation, covers on aU flanged joints, and shall have a route away from electrical cables or high voltage units. 

The structural engineer will need this load data to properly design their foundations and structures to accommodate these loads. The vessel engineer will need this data to determine the local stresses imposed by the installed transfer lines. The piping engineer will need the loads, forces and expansion data to determine if expansion joints are needed in the system. The skin temperatures are needed to determine the allowable stresses of the steel jackets. 

Fired Heaters Incinerators FCC Transfer Lines FCC Flue Gas Lines Expansion Joints... 

The method and sequence of assembly is of the utmost importance if the transfer line is to be completed with the minimum expenditure of time and labor. Fxindamentally the aim is to complete the inner tube in every respect, that is, welding of all joints, testing, degreasing of surface, etc., and to assemble the outer when this has been achieved. 

All of these systems share to some degree several typical design problems associated with cryogenic liquid transfer. One class of difficulties results from cooling the system down from ambient to cryogenic temperature. Evidence of cooldown is in the form of two-phase flow, thermal contraction, and line bowing. Thermal contraction of a transfer line must not result in contact between the inner and outer lines, a condition most frequently encountered at changes in direction of the transfer lines. Expansion joints, bellows, and U-bends have been employed to solve the problem of thermal contraction. 

Transfer lines are usually assembled by soldering with a torch, and unless considerable care is exercised, it is quite likely that oxidation, soldering flux, or carbon deposits from the flame torch will greatly deteriorate the joint surfaces. To ensure low emissivity, 10% aluminum persulfate solution has been used to remove the oxide and other corrosion from copper tubing. 

Fig. 7.32. Bolted-flange joint for cryogenic transfer line.

Fig. 7.33. Schematic of typical bayonet joint for cryogenic transfer line. Legend 1, outer line, vacuum shell 2, line coupling 3, warm temperature O-ring seal 4, static gas leg 5, vacuum insulation space 6, vacuum barriers 7, additional liquid seal and 8, liquid line.

Net-tension failures can be avoided or delayed by increased joint flexibility to spread the load transfer over several lines of bolts. Composite materials are generally more brittle than conventional metals, so loads are not easily redistributed around a stress concentration such as a bolt hole. Simultaneously, shear-lag effects caused by discontinuous fibers lead to difficult design problems around bolt holes. A possible solution is to put a relatively ductile composite material such as S-glass-epoxy in a strip of several times the bolt diameter in line with the bolt rows. This approach is called the softening-strip concept, and was addressed in Section 6.4. 

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