Jim Crow

Thus, of course, the distinction between whiteness and nonwhiteness never fully lost its salience in American political culture. Mexican annexation, black Emancipation, Reconstruction, Jim Crow practices, Indian Wars, Asian immigration and Exclusion, Hawaiian and Puerto Rican annexation, and Philippine conquest—all would keep whiteness very much alive in both the visual and the political economies. But upon the arrival of the massive waves of Irish immigrants in the 1840s, whiteness itself would become newly problematic and, in some quarters, would begin to... 

The court went further still to defend its construction of white persons by invoking the authority of various segregation statutes from the Jim Crow South and West (including Arkansas, Florida, Virginia, Kentucky, and Oklahoma). In this body of statutory law, the court noted, anyone not legally black was legally white A statute in Arkansas... 

The first Congress could not have intended that the likes of George Dow be protected in his pursuit of property, that is, because to them he would have been property. Though slavery had been abolished, its logic remained suitable for framing naturalization decisions, just as Jim Crow had been summoned by another court in admitting the Armenian Hal-ladjian. 

Socialists abandoned their long-held contention that racial oppression was strictly an economic by-product of capitalism, and now took up the cudgel against lynching and Jim Crow.40... 

Glenda Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 71 Laura Doyle, Bordering on the Body The Racial Matrix of Modern Fiction and Culture (New York Oxford, 1994), pp. 27,10-34 Joel Williamson, A Rage for Order Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (New York Oxford, 1986). 

Woodard, C. V. (1957). The strange career of Jim Crow. New York Oxford. 

Texas is often singled out as having laws closely aligned to old Jim Crow laws that determined whether someone was of African American descent by determining their percentage of African American blood. For the peyote exemption under Texas law, an NAC member must have at least 25% Native American blood. 

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