Isotope effects in nucleophilic substitution

See the discussion of Williams (1985), based on a comparison of secondary deuterium isotope effects in nucleophilic substitutions of R-X, where X stands for various leaving groups, including N2. [Pg.241]

Equilibrium isotope effects serve as an empirical calibration of kinetic isotope effects. P-Secondary deuterium isotope effects in equilibrating carbo-cations have been used especially to prove the interpretation of the hyper-conjugative origin and the dihedral angle dependence of P-kinetic deuterium isotope effects in nucleophilic substitution. [Pg.81]