Isodimensional nanoparticles

Based on their dimensions, which are in the nanometre range, three types of fillers can be distinguished. Isodimensional nanoparticles (NP), such as spherical silica NP have three nanometric dimensions. Nanotubes or whiskers are stretched constructions in which two dimensions are in the nanometre range and the other dimension is larger. When only one dimension is in the nanometre range, the composites are termed polymer-layered crystal nanocomposites, and are obtained by the complete intercalation of the polymer inside the galleries of layered host crystals [2]. 

Recently, a big window of opportunities has opened for polymer nanocomposites just to overcome the limitations of traditional microcomposites. Although, the chemistry of clay minerals and composites based on some nanoscale particles is known for several decades, the research and development of nanoscale-filled polymers has been skyrocketed in recent years, for numerous reasons. First, unprecedented combinations of properties have been observed in some polymer nanocomposites. For example, incorporation of isodimensional nanoparticles into thermoplastics increases the modulus, the yield stress, and the ultimate tensile strength (Sumita et al. 1983). 

D nanomaterial composites — Three dimensions of the nanoparticle fillers are on the nanometer scale. These fillers are also called isodimensional nanoparticle composites. Examples include silica obtained by in-situ sol-gel methods, semiconductor nanoclusters that are dispersed in polymers, and systems in which polymers are subsequently polymerized around nanostractures. 

Recently, MMMs comprising nanoparticle fillers are emerging. These membranes are also called polymer-nanocomposite membranes. Nanocomposite membranes can be considered as a new group of filtration materials comprising MMMs and surface-functionalized membranes. Isodimensional nanoparticles are commonly used as nanocomposite fillers because they provide the highest surface area per unit volume [43],... 

Isodimensional nanofiUers result when the three dimensions are in order of nanometers, such as spherical silica nanoparticles obtained by in situ solution-gel methods [9, 10] or by polymerization promoted from their surface [11]. 

Nanoparticles. When all the three dimensions of the particulates are in the nanometer range, they are isodimensional nano particles or nano granules or nano crystals. 

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