Isocyanates from amines

The use of ruthenium salts to produce isocyanates from amines and CO has been patented by Stern and Spector (10). This likely corresponds to the more well-documented palladium (II) chloride reaction which occurs stoichiometric-ally under mild conditions according to Reaction 3 (10, II). 

A. Other Ways to Make Isocyanates from Amines... 

Generation of Urethanes and Isocyanates from Amines and Carbon Dioxide... 

Generation of Organic Isocyanates from Amines, Carbon Dioxide, and Electrophilic Dehydrating Agents... 

In previous accounts the use of electrophilic dehydrating agents in the direct generation of isocyanates from amines and carbon dioxide has been discussed, equations 1-2 (1-3). 

The use of the cyclic carbonate (59) for the synthesis of isocyanates from amines has also been described (Scheme 59). 

Trichloromethyl chloroformate is a useful substitute for phosgene in the preparation of isocyanates from amines, amino-acids, and amino-alcohols (Scheme 10). 

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