Iron vanadium alloys

For industrial purposes vanadium is not required in the elemental state. More than 90 per cent, of the world s production of vanadium is used in the manufacture of special steels, for which purpose an iron-vanadium alloy, known as ferrovanadium, containing from 80 to 40 per cent, of vanadium, is marketed. The method of manufacture of this alloy from vanadium-bearing ores varies considerably with the composition of the ore and the value of the by-products. The process is conveniently divided into two stages ... 

II. The conversion of these products into the iron-vanadium alloy. 

II. The Conversion of Hie Products of the Previous Stage into Iron-Vanadium Alloys. 

Modifications of the Goldschmidt thermite process may also be employed for the preparation of the iron-vanadium alloy. The crushed vanadates or vanadium pentoxide are mixed with the necessary amount of iron scalings or turnings and fluxes, and introduced into a gas-fired open-hearth furnace or into an iron crucible provided with a refractory lining and previously heated to redness. The reactions taking place are ... 

Note that very little pure vanadium metal is prepared commercially. However, the iron-vanadium alloy obtained by reduction with carbon of a mixture of the two oxides is used in large quantity in the steel... 

CAS 12604-58-9. An iron-vanadium alloy used to add vanadium to steel. Vanadium is used in engineering steels to the extent of 0.1-0.25% and in high-speed steels to the extent of 1-2.5% or higher. Melting range 1482-1521C. Furnished in a variety of lump, crushed, and ground sizes. 

A detailed electron microscopic examination has been made on high purity C-Fe-V alloys with particular reference to the aging behavior prior to the hardness peak in the temperature range of 500-600°C [1966Ray]. Precipitation of vanadium carbide on aging has been studied in a ferritic iron-vanadium alloy containing a small amount of carbon by [1973Hei]. 

Hei] Heikkinen, V.K., Hakkarainen, T.J., Precipitation Associated with Chmb of a 100 Dislocations in a Low-Carbon Iron-Vanadium Alloy , Philos. Mag, 28 (1), 237-240 (1973) (Morphology, Phase Relations, Experimental, 5)... 

The corrosion behaviour of amorphous alloys has received particular attention since the extraordinarily high corrosion resistance of amorphous iron-chromium-metalloid alloys was reported. The majority of amorphous ferrous alloys contain large amounts of metalloids. The corrosion rate of amorphous iron-metalloid alloys decreases with the addition of most second metallic elements such as titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum . The addition of chromium is particularly effective. For instance amorphous Fe-8Cr-13P-7C alloy passivates spontaneously even in 2 N HCl at ambient temperature ". (The number denoting the concentration of an alloy element in the amorphous alloy formulae is the atomic percent unless otherwise stated.)... 

Carbon has a great tendency to combine with vanadium to form carbides, the presence of which in the alloy renders it unsuitable for use in steel manufacture. The successful employment of carbon as the reducing agent is in fact quite recent. Formerly silicon, an iron-silicon alloy, or aluminium was used in place of carbon, but it was difficult to obtain a product which was free from silicon or aluminium, and considerable loss of vanadium took place in the slags.2... 

Vanadium Alloys.—Vanadium alloys readily with many metals, including aluminium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, and tin, also with silicon. These alloys have hitherto received scant attention, and little is known in most cases of the systems produced. 

Fertilizer - [AMMONIUMCOMPOUNDS] (Vol2) -ammoniumsulfate [AMMONIUMCOMPOUNDS] (Vol2) -castor pomace as [CASTOR OIL] (Vol 5) -iron compounds m [IRON COMPOUNDS] (Vol 14) -from lignite and brown coal [LIGNITE AND BROWN COAL] (Vol 15) -lime fillers [LIME AND LIMESTONE] (Vol 15) -magnesiumnitrate [MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 15) -molybdenum compounds as [MOLYBDENUMAND COMPOUNDS] (Vol 16) -phosphorus precipitator dust as [PHOSPHORUS] (Vol 18) -raw material for [SULFAMIC ACID AND SULF AMATES] (Vol 23) -sodium nitrate as [SODIUM COMPOUNDS - SODIUM NITRATE] (Vol 22) -vanadium as by-product [VANADIUM AND VANADIUM ALLOYS] (Vol 24)... 

Iron-chromium alloys, free from carbon, may be prepared from chromite by the alumino-thermic method. From a study of the cooling-and freezing-point curves it has been suggested that a compound, Cr Fe, exists, but this is questioned by Janecke, who studied the iron-chromium system by means of fusion curves and by the microscopic study of polished sections of various alloys between the limits 10 Fe 90 Cr and 90 Fe 10 Cr, and came to the conclusion that the system consists of a single eutectic which can form mixed crystals with either component. The eutectic contains 75 per cent, of chromium and melts at 1320° C. The addition of chromium to iron increases the readiness of attack by hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, but towards concentrated nitric acid the alloys are rendered passive. They remain bright in air and in water. The presence of carbon increases the resistance to acids and renders them very hard if carbon-free, they are softer than cast iron. All the alloys up to 80 per cent, chromium are magnetic. Molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, and tungsten improve the mechanical properties and increase the resistance to acids. 

Bae] Baer, G., Thomas, H., Properties and Strueture of the Iron-Cobalt Alloys with 50% Co and small Vanadium Content (in German), Z. Metallkd., 45(11), 651-655 (1954) (Electr. Prop., Experimental, Morphology, Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, 11)... 

Sin] Sinha, A.K., Close-Packed Ordered AB3 Stmctures in Ternary Alloys of Certain Transition Metals , Trans. Met Soc. AIME, 245, 911-917 (1969) (Crys. Structure, Experimental, 16) [1971Sht] Shtolts, Ye.V, Yeshchenko, R.N., Influence of Hydrostatic Compression on Phase Transformation of an Iron-Cobalt-Vanadium Alloy During Deformation , Phys. Met Metallogr. (Engl. Transl.), 32(4), 207-209 (1971), translated from Fiz. Met Metalloved., 32(4), 876-878 (1971) (Experimental, Thermodyn., 6)... 

Ray] Raynor, G.V., Rivlin, V.G., Phase Equilibria in Iron Ternary Alloys. 10. Critical Evaluation of Constitution of Cobalt-Iron-Vanadium System , Int. Met. Rev., 28(4), 211-227 (1983) (Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Review, 29)... 

The constitution of many ferritic steels includes chromium and vanadium as basic alloying elements. Knowledge of the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of the Cr-Fe-V system is essential to imder-stand the behavior of such iron-based alloys. 

Mim] Mima, G., Yamaguchi, M., Takahashi, J., Ageing Behaviour of Ternary Iron-Chromium-Vanadium Alloys Around 500°C (in Japanese), J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 31,470-475 (1967) (Crys. Structure, Morphology, Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Experimental, 12)... 

Zup] Zupp, R.R., Stevenson, D.A., Statistical Thermodynamics of Carbon in Ternary Austenitic Iron-Base Alloys , Trans. AIME, 242, 862-869 (1968) (Thermodyn., Theory, 35) [1969Ebe] Ebeling, V.R., Wever, H., Contribution to the Cognition of the Iron Comer of the System Iron-Vanadium-Carbon (in German), Arch. Eisenhuettenwes., 40(7), 551-555 (1969) (Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Thermodyn., Experimental, Kinetics, 26)... 

Sut] Sutton, H.C., Whiteman, J.A., Structure and Mechanical Properties of Isothermally Transformed Iron-Vanadium-Carbon Alloys , J. Iron Steel Inst., 209(March), 220-225 (1971) (Crys. Structure, Morphology, Experimental, Meehan. Prop., 10)... 

Hof] Hoffmeister, H., Crystal Segregations and Eutectic Carbide Precipitations in Iron-Carbon-Vanadium Alloys (in German), Arch. Eisenhuettenwes., 44(5), 349-355 (1973) (Morphology, Phase Relations, Experimental, 7)... 

Rag] Raghavan, V, The C-Fe-V (Carbon-Iron-Vanadium) System , Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 5(3), 293-299 (1984) (Crys. Structure, Phase Diagram, Review, 42)... 

Per] Perepletchikov, E.F., Ryabtsev, I.A., Vasil ev, V.G., Heinze, H., Stmcture and Properties of High-Carbon High-Vanadium Iron-Base Alloys for Surfacing , Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 45(5—6), 193—196 (2003) (Morphology, Phase Relations, Experimental, Meehan. Prop., 8)... 

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