Iron-chromium-carbon

Fis] Fischbeck, K., The Iron-Chromium-Carbon Ternary System (in German), Stahl Eisen, 44(25), 715-719 (1924) (Phase Diagram, Review, 11)... 

Wes] Westgren, A., Phragmen, G., Negresco, Tr., On the Structure ofthe Iron-Chromium-Carbon System , J. Iron Steel Inst, 117, 383-401 (1928) (Crys. Structure, Morphology, Phase Relations, Phase Diagram, Experimental, 22)... 

Kri] Krivobok, V.N., Grossmann, M.A., A Study ofthe Iron-Chromium-Carbon Constitutional Diagram , Trans. Amer. Soc. Steel Treat, 18, 760-807 (1930) (Crys. Structure, Morphology, Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Experimental, 6)... 

Bun] Bungardt, K., Kunze, E., Horn, E., A Study of the Iron-Chromium-Carbon System (in German), Arch. Eisenhuettenwes., 29(3), 193-203 (1958) (Crys. Stractiue, Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Experimental, 17)... 

Fle] Flender, H., Wever, H., Activity of Carbon in the Iron-Vanadium-Carbon and Iron-Chromium-Carbon Systems (in German), Arch. Eisenhuettenwes., 34(10), 727-723 (1963) (Thermodyn., Experimental, 23)... 

Vit] Vitusevich, V.T., Biletskii, A.K., Shumikhin, V.S., Enthalpy of Formation of Iron-Chromium-Carbon Melts , Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 61, 323-326 (1987), translated from Zh. Fiz. Khimii, 61(3), 623-629, (1987) (Thermodyn., Experimental, 16)... 

Age] Ageev, YvlA., Mizin, V.G., Makeeva, I.A., Pankrashkin, Yu.A., Carbon Aetivity in Iron-Chromium Carbon Alloys , Russ. Metall, (3), 26-29 (1989) (Thennodyn., Caleulation, 12) [ 1989Bat] Battle, T.P., Pehlke, R.D., Equilibrium Partition Coefficients in Iron-Based Alloys , Metall. 

Seh] Sehon, C.G., Reehenberg, H.R., Goldenstein, H., Mossbauer Study of an Iron-Chromium-Carbon Austenite , Scr. Metall. Mater, 29(11), 1483-1488 (1993) (Crys. Strueture, Eleetro-nie Strueture, Experimental, 10)... 

Bon2] Bonade, R., Spaetig, R, Vietoria, M., Yamamoto, T., Odette, G.R., Tensile Properties of a Tempered Martensitie Iron-Chromium-Carbon Model Alloy , J. Nucl Mater., 329—333, 278-282 (2004) (Phase Relations, Experimental, Meehan. Prop., 19)... 

The pure acid does not react in the cold with sulfur, selenium, tellurium, carbon, silver, copper, zinc, iron, chromium, or manganese, but slowly dissolves mercury and tin (20). At higher temperatures, lead, mercury, tin, and sulfur react rapidly, eg ... 

Austenitic Stainless Steels. These steels, based on iron—chromium—nickel alloys, are not hardenable by heat treatment and are predominandy austenitic. They include Types 301, 302, 302B, 303, 304, 304L, 305, 308, 309, 310, 314, 316, 316L, 317, 321, and 347. The L refers to 0.03% carbon max, which is readily available. In some austenitic stainless steels, all or part of the nickel is replaced by manganese and nitrogen in proper amounts, as in one proprietary steel and Types 201 and 202 (see Table 4). 

Eor shifting coal-derived gas, conventional iron—chromium catalysts can be used. Because coal gas has a significantly higher concentration of carbon monoxide than is found in gas streams in conventional refineries, the catalyst must be able to withstand high thermal loads. However, potential catalyst poisons such as phenol and other hydrocarbons are not a concern in entrained-bed gasifiers. 

Plain carbon steels rust in wet environments and oxidise if heated in air. But if chromium is added to steel, a hard, compact film of CrjOj will form on the surface and this will help to protect the underlying metal. The minimum amount of chromium needed to protect steel is about 13%, but up to 26% may be needed if the environment is particularly hostile. The iron-chromium system is the basis for a wide range of stainless steels. 

The composition of the filament is of importance in determining the yield and the performance of the apparatus. With nickel-chromium alloys excessive carbonization occurs and the yield is poor. Much better results are obtained with the nickel-iron-chromium alloys called Chromel C and Nichrome AUoy Wire. 

The effect of metalloids on the corrosion resistance of alloys also varies with the stability of polyoxyanions contained in their films. Phosphorus and carbon contained in iron-chromium-melalloid alloys do not produce passive films of phosphate and carbonate in strong acids, and so do not interfere with the formation of the passive hydrated chromium oxyhydroxide... 

Iron Low-carbon steels Low-carbon alloy steels Decarburised malleable Chromium 980-1 050 (Halide) 1. Gaseous 2. Semi- gaseous 3. Pack 25-75 urn Solid-solution (ferritic) 20-25% Cr Ductile (200-300 HV) Weldable Heat treatment acceptable ... 

This spectrum was obtained from the surface of a sample of an iron-chromium-nickel alloy, and peaks from these elements, resulting from LMM transitions, are identified together with those from contaminants such as carbon, sulphur and oxygen. 

S mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its properties. Most materials we encounter are mixtures mixtures of elements, mixtures of compounds, or mixtures of elements and compounds. Stainless steel, for example, is a mixture of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, and carbon. Seltzer water is a mixture of the liquid compound water and the gaseous compound carbon dioxide. Our atmosphere, as Figure 2.14 illustrates, is a mixture of the elements nitrogen, oxygen, and argon plus small amounts of such compounds as carbon dioxide and water vapor. 

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