Ionic polymer-metal composite force

The purpose of this book is to provide a focused, in-depth, yet self-contained treatment of recent advances made in several most promising EAP materials. In particular, the book covers two classes of ionic EAPs, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) and conjugated polymers, and one class of electronic EAP materials, dielectric elastomers. Ionic EAPs realize actuation through ion transport, and thus require very low voltages (a few volts) to operate, but their bandwidths are typically lower than tens of Hz. On the other hand, dielectric elastomers rely on electrostatic forces to operate and thus require high actuation voltages (kilovolts), but... 

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