Ionic NMPs preparation

Although most compounds prepared from neutral parent molecules are neutral DA complexes, in some cases an ionic charge-transfer salt results. In addition, there are compounds prepared from D+p and A-q subunits which have been found to be ionic. Many of the ionic crystals involve A q units that are variants on metal bis-ethylene-1,2-dithiolenes, namely [M(tfd)2] and [M(mnt)2]-2. A variety of planar organic cations have been used to prepare such solids TTF+ M5), POZ+ 56 57), PTZ+ 56 57), and NMP+ 59). A... 

Table 5.4), prepared from reduction of Pd(II) salts with potassium graphite. The results suggested that this catalyst was not very active. However, some years later Jikei and Kakimoto [73] prepared a more active Pd/CGr based on a smaller crystallite size. In 2002, Kohler et al. [74] studied a variety of Pd/C catalysts with different properhes (Pd dispersion, oxidation state, water content, conditions of catalysts preparation etc.) in the Heck reaction of aryl bromides with olefins (entry 4, Table 5.4). The authors pointed out the hypothesis that the leached Pd from the support is the active species and the solid Pd/C catalyst acts as a reservoir that delivers catalytically active Pd species into solution. All catalysts were obtained by wet impregnation (5% Pd loading). The Heck reaction can also be conducted in ionic liquids through promotion by microwave irradiation. Moreover the reaction of iodobenzene with methylacrylate in NMP was reported to be accelerated by ultrasound [75]. The ionic liquid containing the catalyst system was used five consecutive times with only a slight loss of activity (entry 5, Table 5.4) [76]. Perosa [77] reported the addition of a phase transfer catalyst to an ionic liquid as a method to accelerate the C-C coupling reaction. As far as we know, only by using ionic liquids has Pd on carbon been recovered and reused with success.

During the preparation of a gel copolymer P(VDF-HFP) electrolyte membrane by the phase inversion method, using different solvents such as NMP and NAf-dimethylformamide) (DMF) and nonsolvents such as dibutyl phthalate (DBF) and di-(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP) will result in different pore sizes and different porosities. As a result, they are called porous polymer electrolytes, hi fact, they are gel electrolytes. The micromorphology of e membrane is related to the preparation conditions, but the solvents and nonsolvents used do not affect the ionic conductivity much, under certain conditions. After adding a certain amount of plasticizer, the pores will be filled by the plasticizer, and the ionic conductivity is 4.07 x 10 S/cm, with an electrochemical window of 4.5 V. 

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