Ionic charge states, deviation from

Great significance in the first approximation equation has parameter I, which is the solution ionity or summary ionic strength. It was introduced by Gilbert Newton Eewis and Merle Randall (1888-1950) for the purpose of characterizing the solutions electric field intensity and the extent of its deviation from the ideal state. The value of ionic strength is equal to half of the sum of the product of ion concentrations and their squared charge ... 

It is now necessary to consider to what extent deviations from smooth correlations of k /kj) with AG or AG in proton transfer reactions reflect departures from the Hammond postulate. The Hammond postulate may be expected to apply to reasonably closely related three-centre reactions of the type considered above, and in particular to their simplified representations by empirical potential-energy surfaces. It does not follow that it applies generally to more complex reactions, and it is now well established that for concerted ionic reactions failure of bond-making and bond-breaking to remain properly in step can lead in the transition state to charge-localizations at atoms that bear no charge in the reactants or products, with the consequence that substituents at these atoms show no correlation between their effects on reaction rates and equilibria [123-126]. This behaviour has been best characterized in E2 j8-eliminations,... 

Using the concept of a compact structure and the above method of relative ionic radii calculation, mean ion radii in oxides showing deviations from the stoichiometric composition and in mixed-valence oxides, or generally in ordered phases may be determined. Such radius indicates trends in the changes in interactions of metal ions depending on ion charge, their number (oxide composition), but also on the variable ratio of ions in different oxidation states of the metal. 

---