Introduction, Occurrence, Structure, Function

Using equation 5.4 in combination with equations 5.1-5.3, one finds2 

Numerical values for the equations above may change dramatically as copper ions contained in enzymes are surrounded not by water but by a variety of biological 

The Franck-Condon principle states that there must be no movement of nuclei during an electronic transition therefore, the geometry of the species before and after electron transfer must be unchanged. Consequently, the active site geometry of a redox metalloenzyme must approach that of the appropriate transition state for the electronic transfer. Every known copper enzyme has multiple possible copper oxidation states at its active site, and these are necessary for the enzyme s function. 

Type I copper enzymes are called blue proteins because of their intense absorbance (s 3000 M-1 cm- ) in the electronic absorption spectrum around 

Type I copper centers, Type II copper centers Type III copper centers 

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Introduction Classification Occurrence and Sequences Functional Role X-Ray Crystal Structures... 

Overall, the Pd-catalyzed couplings are a suitable way to make PPEs these catalytic systems allow the introduction of almost any functional group into the PAEs. Disadvantage of the Pd-catalyzed couplings is sometimes the low degree of polymerization and the occurrence of defect structures that have to he minimized by the careful control of the reaction conditions. 

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