Intravaginal contraceptives

Witter, F.R., et al. 1999. Duration of vaginal retention and potential duration of antiviral activity of five nonoxynol-9 containing intravaginal contraceptives, hit J Gynecol Obstet 65 165. 

Ascorbic acid has been declared useful in intravaginal contraceptives in reducing sperm motility (899,900). The preservation of human blood by the addition of sodium ascorbate (901) has been found to have some merit. The usefulness of ascorbic acid in the treatment of industrial chemical toxicity (902,903), in the preservation of cut-blooms in water (904,905), in water treatment of the ferruginous type (906), in inhibiting corrosion (907), in treatment for the production of durable creases in cloth (908), and in brightened yarns with high light fastness (909) is mentioned. Adhesive compositions (910) and special cleansers (911, 912) are other potential applications. 

P. J. Burck and R. E. Zimmerman. An intravaginal contraceptive device for the delivery of an acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitor. Fert. Ster. 47 314 (1984). 

Other areas where L-ascorbic acid has found uses in industrial processes are, for example, in polymerLsation reactions, in photographic developing and printing, in metal technology, and even in intravaginal contraceptives. Most of these applications involve the use of the reducing properties of L-ascorbic acid in some way. 

Chvapil, M., Heine, M.W. and Horton, H. (1976) The aceptance of the collagen sponge diaphram as an intravaginal contraceptive in human volunteer. Fertility and Sterility. 27, 1398-1406. 

Egypt. Dried fruits are smoked as a treatment for schistosomiasis "". The fruit is used intravaginally as a contraceptive before and after coitus. Fifty-three percent of 1200 puerperal women interviewed practiced this method, of whom 47% depended on indigenous method and/or prolonged lactation ". 

The intracervical and intravaginal methods of contraception have not come into regular use, and experience with them has therefore been limited. 

C. Joyce, M Freund, and R. N. Peterson. Contraceptive effects of intravaginal application of aciosui and hyaluronidase inhibitors in rabbit. Contraception isw5 (1979). 

D Cruz, O. I, and Uckun, F. M. (2001), Gel-microemulsions as vaginal spermicides and intravaginal drug delivery vehicles, Contraception, 64,113-123. 

Mishell, D. R., Jr., Lumkin, M., and Jackanicz, T. (1975), Initial clinical studies of intravaginal rings containing norethindrone and norgestrel, Contraception, 12, 253-260. 

Fig. 13 Mean serum profiles of 3-keto-desogestrel and ethinylestradiol after a 21 day continuous intravaginal administration of two prototype combination contraceptive vaginal rings (CVR). The profiles from an oral combination tablet (Marvelon) is plotted for comparison. (From Ref. l)...

Liposomes, a novel drug delivery system, are widely applied in the topical treatment of diseases, including vaginal diseases. Their applications in contraceptive systems for the intravaginal administration of progesterone and interferon-a (or metronidazole) for the genital papilloma virus infections were previously reported. 

Chapvil, M. Eskelson, C Strffel, V Owen, J. DroegemuUer, W. Studies on non-oxynol-9. II. Intravaginal absorption, distribution, metabohsm and excretion in rats and rabbits. Contraception 1980,22, 325-339. 

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