Interpenetrating networks formation

In contradistinction to the PNIPA gel disks, the gel beads of millimeter size have no skin layer and bubbles on the surface. The lack of skin layer and bubbles can be explained by the structure of the gel beads. For the preparation of the beads the interpenetration network formation was used. This method results in two polymer networks within each other. If one is removed from the... 

Phenolics can be physically modified by blending, interpenetrating network formation, and the addition of fibers or fillers. The formation of multicomponent materials opens new directions for tuning of physical properties of polymers. 

As stated in Chapter 1, modification of existing commercial polymers by physical and chemical means is one of most widely used industrial techniques for improving the properties of base polymers without the need to develop new polymers. Like other resins, polyesters may also be modified by functionalisation, copolymerisation, blending, interpenetrating network formation, and so on. The properties of oil-modified polyesters may be improved by appropriate modification with a variety of reactive chemicals and other polymeric materials. 

It has been shown in earlier chapters that in most cases vegetable oil-based polymers exhibit inferior properties compared to analogous petroleum-based polymers. Even though the performance characteristics can be improved by blending and interpenetrating network formation with other polymers and by the formation of conventional composites with natural and/or synthetic fibres, the improvements are not sufficient to meet the requirements of many advanced applications. In addition, the base polymers lost their characteristics of light weight, and transparency (in case of... 

Goswami, S., Nad, S., Chakrabarty, D. Modification of novolac resin by interpenetrating network formation with polyfbutyl acrylate). J. Appl. Polym. Sd. 97, 2407-2417 (2005)... 

Figure 8.66. Internal shrinkage stress vs. interpenetrating network formation time for PU/PEA=10/90 network. (1) unfilled network, (2) alumina-filled, (3) turned silica-filled. [Data from Sergeeva L M, Skiba S I, Karabanova L V, Polym. Int., 39, No.4, April 1996, 317-25.]...

Amici, E., Clark, A.H., Normand, V. Johson, N.B. (2001). Interpenetrating network formation in agarose-sodium gellan gel composites. Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 383-391, ISSN 0144-8617. 

Indicating that only physically adsorbed layers exist. An obvious consequence is that the dispersed oligomers or microgel particles in the matrix phase near the silane layers will modify the properties of the matrix, which forms the interphase. The modes of polymerization of the matrix resin are either a graft copolymerization at the surface of the particles, a random co-polymerizatlon with the silane, or interpenetrating network formation. Similar considerations can be extended to the more tightly bound silane layers. 

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