Internal Flood Modeling

ttion and the elevation are important in flooding analysis. Codes such as COMCAN HI or SETS for dependent failure analysis listed in Table 3.6-4 may be used for locating components that would be affected by flooding. These codes. serve this purpose with a complex component identifier for location and elevation. 

If the PSA were constructed in the ZIP format, these common cause effects would be incorporated by changing the event tree branching probabilities as a function of water depth a.s the flood fails the various systems. 

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Morrison, G.R. 2005. Dykstra-Parsons Water Flood Theory Adapted to Chemical Flood Modelling. Paper SPE 97645 presented at the SPE International Improved Pil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, 5-6 December. DPI 10.2118/97645-MS. 

Baker, R. G. V., Haworth, R. J. Flood, P. G. 2001. Intertidal fixed sea level indicators of former Holocene sea-levels in Austraha a summary of sites and a review of methods and models. Quaternary International, 83—85, 257—273. 

For microsurgery, a plastic disposable 60-mm Petri dish is used. Grafts between embryos are most easily made in a dish containing black modeling clay (Pastalina, Certified Nontoxic, Van Aken International, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730). The clay, available from many toy and art stores, is pressed into the bottom of the dish to a depth of 2-3 mm. To sterilize the clay, the dish is flooded for 20-30 s with 70% alcohol and rinsed in five changes of sterile saline. 

To identify equipment constraints, equipment details must be modeled in simulation. For example, column geometry and internal data need to be provided so that column loadings, for example, jet flooding under maximum capacity operation and weeping for turndown operation, can be obtained. Compressors and turbines are modeled with performance curves, which predict head, speed, and efficiency. The design performance curves must be tuned to mimic test run data. This allows a more realistic prediction of performance at different loads and/or process conditions. 

The most important result of this work is the ability of the SBD model to describe the flooding in columns with any internals, any test systems in the vacuum, normal pressure and pressure range up to 100 bar accurately enough for practical applications. 

The design of these plants is based on the so-called SBD model, see Chap. 2, which can be used to determine the gas velocity at the flooding point for various types of internals, if the resistance coefficient of the dry packing is known. 

Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., and Gong, B. 2010. The Development of a New Reservoir Simulator to Model Polymer Flooding and Advanced Wells for Enhanced Heavy Gil Recovery in Bohai Bay. Paper SPE 137370 presented at the Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, 19-21 October. DPI 10.2118/137370-MS. 

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