Intermediate Conclusion

For a thorough discussion on advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft law see Ahhott and Snidal (2000), pp. 424-450. 

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If explanation is requested at the end of a session, the entire line of reasoning leading up to the latest top-level conclusion is presented in proof order. Intermediate conclusions are derived before they are used in premises. 

The intermediate conclusions drawn from the data analysis were shared in frequent, sometimes ad-hoc meetings between the IFZ project group and staff members of the counselling facility nowa. In spring 2009, in one of these meetings, the coaches reported about increasing tensions among die students due to the... 

This leads to an intermediate conclusion that C equals — C /s. Therefore, the solution is... 

These three approaches will now first be discussed in some detail this leads to an intermediate conclusion with respect to the dominating role of fluid-particle interaction in the development of mesoscale structures. On this basis of this conviction, the main body of this chapter will be devoted to fluid-particle interaction in dispersed multiphase flows and a proper description of the forces involved. 

Neural networks do not work in situations where there is a need for clear and precise results— i.e. with a variety of complex calculations, handling bank accounts, etc. ANNs may be used in situations where the problem demands multi-step reasoning. The network solves the problem in one step, even if during this process it comes up with some intermediate conclusions. 

It is interesting to note that in each of these cases only one intermediate, either the a-thioketone (93) or the hydroxythiazoline (94), was isolated from the reaction mixture, thus suggesting that hydroxythiazolines are in equilibrium with the corresponding a-thioketones. Similar conclusions are implicit in Baganz and Roger s production of 4-formylthiazoles by this synthesis (625). 

The hberation of a valuable constituent does not necessarily translate direclly into recoveiy in downstream processes. For example, flotation tends to be more efficient in intermediate sizes than at coarse or fine sizes [Mclvor and Finch, Minerals Engineeiing, 4(1), 9-23 (1991)]. For coarser sizes, failure to liberate may be the hmitation finer sizes that are liberated may still be carried through by the water flow. A conclusion is that overgrinding should be avoided by judicious use of size classifiers with recycle grinding. 

The results supported the proposal of Glu-165 as the general base and suggested the novel possibility of neutral histidine acting as an acid, contrary to the expectation that His-95 was protonated [26,58]. The conclusion that the catalytic His-95 is neutral has been confinned by NMR spectroscopy [60]. The selection of neutral imidazole as the general acid catalyst has been discussed in terms of achieving a pX, balance with the weakly acidic intermediate. This avoids the thermodynamic trap that would result from a too stable enediol intermediate, produced by reaction with the more acidic imidazolium [58]. 

When the addition and elimination reactions are mechanically reversible, they proceed by identical mechanistic paths but in opposite directions. In these circumstances, mechanistic conclusions about the addition reaction are applicable to the elimination reaction and vice versa. The principle of microscopic reversibility states that the mechanism (pathway) traversed in a reversible reaction is the same in the reverse as in the forward direction. Thus, if an addition-elimination system proceeds by a reversible mechanism, the intermediates and transition states involved in the addition process are the same as... 

An interpretation of activation parameters has led to the conclusion that the bromination transition state resembles a three-membered ring, even in the case of alkenes that eventually react via open carbocation intermediates. It was foimd that for cis trans pairs of alkenes tiie difference in enthalpy at the transition state for bromination was greater than the enthalpy difference for the isomeric alkenes, as shown in Fig. 6.2. This... 

It is important to emphasize that direet studies sueh as those earned out on the eyelopropylmethyl radieal ean be done with low steady-state eoneentrations of the radical. In the case of the study of the eyelopropylmethyl radical, removal of the source of irradiation leads to rapid disappearance of the EPR spectrum, because the radicals react rapidly and are not replaced by continuing radical formation. Under many conditions, the steady-state concentration of a radical intermediate may be too low to permit direct detection. Failure to observe an EPR signal, therefore, cannot be taken as conclusive evidence against a radical intermediate. 

As an explanation of the preferred formation of pyrrolidines as compared to lower and higher membered heterocyclic rings, the necessity of a nearly linear arrangement of the involved centers in the hydrogen transfer step and a minimum of nonclassical strain in a cyclic 6-membered chair-like intermediate was postulated although the experimental evidence is not conclusive. 

Wawzonek et al. first investigated the mechanism of the cyclization of A-haloamines and correctly proposed the free radical chain reaction pathway that was substantiated by experimental data. "" Subsequently, Corey and Hertler examined the stereochemistry, hydrogen isotope effect, initiation, catalysis, intermediates, and selectivity of hydrogen transfer. Their results pointed conclusively to a free radical chain mechanism involving intramolecular hydrogen transfer as one of the propagation steps. Accordingly, the... 

The mechanism was then reexamined 25 years later in 1997 by Kappe. Kappe used H and C spectroscopy to support the argument that the key intermediate in the Biginelli reaction was iminium species 16. In the event, 5 reacted with 3a to form an intermediate hemiaminal 17 which subsequently dehydrated to deliver 16. Iminium cation 16 then reacted with 6 to give 14, which underwent facile cyclodehydration to give 15. Kappe also noted that in the absence of 6, bisureide 8 was afforded as a consequence of nueleophilic attack of 16 by urea (3a). This discovery confirmed the conclusion of Folkers and Johnson in 1933. As far as the proposal from 25 years earlier by Sweet and Fissekis, Kappe saw no evidenee by H and NMR spectroscopy that a carbenium ion was a required species in the Biginelli reaetion. When benzaldehyde (5) and ethyl... 

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