Inter-plane distances

A related finding appears for the dianions of the doubly layered system [14] their esr spectra taken in the glass provide evidence for a triplet structure, and from the D-value the inter-plane distance in the charged species can be readily determined (Irmen et al., 1984 Alexander et al, 1989). 

As seen in Fig. 3a, impurities on the surface (C, N, O) accompanies Pt deposition. The value of inter-planes distance for 200, d = 0.203 nm was established under investigations of Pt films with TEM. Thus the lattice constant for Pt on GaAs surface is a = 2 d = 0.406 nm. This value is higher as compared with that given in literature, 0.392 nm [7]. The larger value in our case may be explained by impurities likely implanted in the Pt lattice or by the interaction of Pt with GaAs surface. The Pt particles with average dimension 5 10 nm were obtained with our technique [8],... 

Fig. 7 Theoretical CD spectra of model CT complexes at the TD-DFT-BH-LYP/TZV2P level. Left Effect of interplane distance on the CD spectra. The distance is shifted from (a) 2.9 to (b) 3.8 A (increment 0.1 A). Inset Expansion of the CT band region. Right Effect of inter-ring rotation angle on the CD spectra. The angle is incrementally shifted from (a) -10, (b) -5, (c) 0, (d) +5, and (e) +10° with a constant inter-plane distance of 3.1 A. Reprinted with permission from [32]. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society...

In X-ray method Vegard s law is applied, which assume that the changes of unit cell is directly proportional to the increase of concentration of solid solution. Usually the measurements of the changes of inter-plane distance (t/) in the function of introduced additive are conducted. Irrespectively of numerous departures from the Vegard s rule it has a significant experimental importance and give the possibility to establish maximum of component content in the solid solutions (Figs. 2.19 and 2.61). 

Calculation of intensities of re fixes (1) and inter-plane distances (d) carried out with apphcation of standard software package EVA. Theoretical XRD spectra (X-ray patterns) were calculated under Powder Cell program described in [17, 18]. Optical density Ag-GIM was measured by means of Macbeth TD504 photometer (Kodak, USA) in range 0.15.0 units with accuracy of 2% (rel.). 

The Rutile Structure.—A large number of compounds MX crystallize with the tetragonal structure of rutile, TiCfe. In this structure the position of the ion X is fixed only by the determination of a variable parameter by means of the intensity of reflection of x-rays from various crystal planes. In accordance with the discussion in a following section, we shall assume the parameter to have the value which causes the distances between X and the three ions M surrounding it to be constant. With this requirement the inter-atomic distance R and the edges a and c of the unit of structure are related by the equation R = (a/4 /2) [2 + (c/o)2]. In this way the inter-atomic distances in Table XII are obtained. In the case of magnesium fluoride the agreement is satisfactory. 

Figure 2.9 Schematic structure of two dif- (d) cube. The dpp parameter defines the aver-ferent polyoxometalate complexes with inter- age distance between the two oxygen-based esting coordination symmetry (a) LnW10 and square planes. The djn is the average 0-0 (b) [LnPd"12(AsvPh)8032]5-, and their coor- distance within the oxygen-based square dination polyhedra (c) square antiprism and planes.

Fig. 3.1. Left visible pump/X-ray probe scheme for femtosecond TRXRD experiments. Hard X-ray pulses are generated by shining intense femtosecond laser pulses on a metal target (laser plasma X-ray source). Right geometrical structure factor of bismuth as a function of inter-atomic distance for diffraction from (111) and (222) lattice planes. From [1] and [2]...

An X-ray tube with a tungsten target and which serves as the source in an X-ray wavelength dispersive fluorescence spectrometer is equipped with a crystal of ethylenediamine tartrate. The plane of reflection in use corresponds to an inter-reticular distance of d — 4.404 A. 

Figure 4 Model of the nanopore structure (cut through a (001) plane), evolution of the inter pore distances with treatment at 620 K, involving shrinkage in the direction normal to the substrate surface.

In a guanine quadruplex, Pb" ions were observed to bind between two G-quartet planes at a mean distance of 2.66 A to the 06 position of all eight guanines. In comparison with K , Pb" is more stabilizing based on closer inter-guanine distances in the G-quartet plane and a smaller separation between the planes. 

---