Integration ratio

Determining the degree of substitution using standard proton nmr refles on the integral ratio between the ceUulosic ring protons ( i 5.0-2.96) and the ester alkyl protons ( i 1.26 for butyryl and propionyl and i 2.06 for acetyl methyl groups). This simple procedure is used extensively to determine the extent of esterification and is currently the fastest, easiest way for determining the DS of mixed cellulose esters. 

The diastereomeric ratio was determined by the NMR integral ratio of the methine protons adjacent to the hydroxyl group (3.33 ppm for the (//-isomer 3.44 ppm for the waw-isomer). 

FIGURE 30.18 Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) compounding quarter cycle integration ratio versus strain, at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz samples at position TR (at dump), EM (after curatives addition), and AG (after cooling). 

If more than two elements are present, divide all the numbers of moles by the smallest to attempt to get an integral ratio. Even after this step, it might be necessary to multiply every result by a small integer to get integral ratios, corresponding to the empirical formula. 

We now wish to look at some of the assumptions which are commonly made in using the AOM, and to discuss their validity. A common approximation for linear ligators is to estimate the ratio (ejea) from the squared overlap integral ratio, (SnISa)2, considering only overlap with ligand np-orbitals. It now seems that this ap-... 

Reaction progress is monitored by 1H NMR (CDCI3) 0.5-mL of sample is withdrawn periodically (at 30-min intervals after 3 hr), filtered through a cotton plug, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The intergration ratio of proton 4.34 (m, 1 H) (S)-3a, and 5.38 (m, 1 H) (R)-3b is measured and the reaction is terminated when the integration ratio is 1 1. 

From the integrated ratio between the peak due to the tetraisopropyldis-iloxanyl group and the other peaks of acetamido and tosyl groups, the... 

Figure 20.6 Typical working curves for the first-order EC mechanism. The curve shown for f = i shows the behavior of the current ratio [i(2tf)/i(tf)] as a function of ktf. That given for f = Q shows the charge ratio, while that given for f = m shows the current semi-integral ratio over the same range. [From Ref. 10.]...

Configurational-integral ratios of the form of Eq. (50) appear widely in the free-energy literature, but the underlying physical motivation is not always the same. The spectrum of possible usages is covered by writing Eq. (50) in the more general form... 

In common with most who have addressed the problem posed by this kind of configurational integral ratio, we shall exploit the statistics of an appropriate order-parameter defined on the common configuration space and of the general form... 

---