Integrating sphere throughput

These problems can be remedied by use of an integrating sphere behind the mirror optics accessory the light yield, however, is then very small. The advantages of mirror optics are (1) a good throughput over the entire UV-vis-NIR range, and (2) facile integration of a heatable reaction chamber. 

Typical fluorescence spectrometers deliver relative fluorescence intensities They are altered by both the wavelength-dependent throughput of optical elements (lenses, mirrors, gratings, lamps) and spectral sensitivity of the detector. Often, these relative spectra are sufficient. In order to obtain corrected spectra, one may use quantum counters or integrating spheres, for instance. 

Various other design parameters are used to describe the performance of an integrating sphere. One of these is the throughput t, i. e., the ratio of flux exiting the sphere to that entering the sphere [56] ... 

The throughput (t) of an integrating sphere, sometimes referred to as another measure of sphere efficiency, is given by the following expression... 

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